Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by gender.
| Variables | All (n = 15,717) | Males (n = 6,573) | Females (n = 9,144) | P values∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.70 ± 11.58 | 52.94 ± 11.31 | 52.53 ± 11.76 | 0.031 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| No education | 1,913 (12.17) | 311 (4.73) | 1,602 (17.52) | <0.001 |
| Primary school | 5,535 (35.22) | 2,277 (34.64) | 3,258 (35.63) | |
| Middle school | 6,677 (42.48) | 3,157 (48.03) | 3,520 (38.5) | |
| High school | 1,391 (8.85) | 715 (10.88) | 676 (7.39) | |
| College and above | 75 (0.48) | 64 (0.97) | 11 (0.12) | |
| Unknown | 126 (0.80) | 49 (0.75) | 77 (0.84) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
| Low | 6,483 (41.25) | 2,294 (34.90) | 4,189 (45.81) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 7,428 (47.26) | 3,188 (48.50) | 4,240 (46.37) | |
| High | 1,651 (10.50) | 1,049 (15.96) | 602 (6.58) | |
| Unknown | 155 (0.99) | 42 (0.64) | 113 (1.24) | |
| Income, n (%) | ||||
| Low | 2,038 (12.97) | 879 (13.37) | 1,159 (12.67) | 0.015 |
| Moderate | 13,027 (82.88) | 5,406 (82.25) | 7,621 (83.34) | |
| High | 500 (3.18) | 235 (3.58) | 265 (2.9) | |
| Unknown | 152 (0.97) | 53 (0.81) | 99 (1.08) | |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 4,210 (26.79) | 4,124 (62.74) | 86 (0.94) | <0.001 |
| Current drinkers, n (%) | 3,649 (23.22) | 3,282 (49.93) | 367 (4.01) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 5,237 (33.32) | 2,356 (35.84) | 2,881 (31.51) | <0.001 |
| Family history of T2DM, n (%) | 891 (5.67) | 342 (5.20) | 549 (6.00) | 0.037 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.93 ± 20.03 | 125.74 ± 19.00 | 124.35 ± 20.72 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.84 ± 10.70 | 81.43 ± 10.69 | 78.68 ± 10.55 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 5.01 ± 0.68 | 4.96 ± 0.70 | 5.04 ± 0.67 | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.39 ± 1.02 | 4.31 ± 1.00 | 4.44 ± 1.04 | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.09 (0.76-1.64) | 1.07 (0.74-1.65) | 1.11 (0.78-1.63) | 0.076 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.52 ± 0.48 | 1.50 ± 0.48 | 1.53 ± 0.48 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.32 ± 3.30 | 23.04 ± 3.06 | 23.52 ± 3.45 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 79.83 ± 9.68 | 81.13 ± 9.44 | 78.90 ± 9.75 | <0.001 |
| LAP | 20.15 (9.90-38.49) | 16.73 (7.68-34.75) | 22.40 (11.78-40.92) | <0.001 |
| HTGW phenotype | ||||
| NTNW | 8,615 (54.81) | 4,322 (65.75) | 4,293 (46.95) | <0.001 |
| NTGW | 3,454 (21.98) | 683 (10.39) | 2,771 (30.30) | |
| HTNW | 1,593 (10.14) | 942 (14.33) | 651 (7.12) | |
| HTGW | 2,055 (13.08) | 626 (9.52) | 1429 (15.63) |
BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fast plasma glucose; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LAP: lipid accumulation product; NTNW: normal TG level and normal waist; NTGW: normal TG level and central obesity; HTNW: increased TG level and normal WC; HTGW: increased TG level and central obesity. Values are expressed as mean ± SD or number (%); TG and LAP were described by median and interquartile range and were analyzed after logarithmic transformation. ∗Comparison between different genders.