Table 3.
Alternative regression models of psychological distress on (categorical and linear) time: OLS regression, quantile regression at the 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th, and 97th percentile, and logit models using different cut-points on the K10, 2007–2017 (HILDA Survey).
| Categorical time | Overall | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 (Reference category: mean or quantile) | 2009 | 2011 | 2013 | 2015 | 2017 | ||
| A. OLS regression (mean) | |||||||
| Ref 15.91 |
−0.08 (−0.28–0.12) |
0.04 (−0.18–0.27) | 0.07 (−0.13–0.28) |
0.39 (0.15–0.63) |
0.63 (0.38−0.89) |
0.07 (0.04–0.09) | |
| B. Quantile regression (score) | |||||||
| 25th percentile | Ref 11 |
0 (−0.12–0.12) |
0 (−0.12–0.12) | 0 (−0.12–0.12) |
0 (−0.12–0.12) | 0 (−0.12–0.12) |
0 (0.00–0.00) |
| Median | Ref 15 |
0 (−0.20–0.20) |
0 (−0.19–0.19) | 0 (−0.19–0.19) |
0 (−0.19–0.19) | 0 (−0.19–0.19) |
0 (−0.02–0.02) |
| 75th percentile | Ref 18 |
0 (−0.48–0.48) |
0 (−0.48–0.48) | 0 (−0.48–0.48) |
1 (0.24–1.76) |
1 (0.52–1.48) |
0.13 (0.08–0.17) |
| 85th percentile | Ref 22 |
0 (−0.42–0.42) |
1 (0.58–1.42) |
1 (0.58–1.42) |
1 (0.58–1.42) |
2 (1.59–2.41) |
0.17 (0.11–0.22) |
| 90th percentile | Ref 25 |
0 (−0.65–0.65) |
0 (−0.64–0.64) | 0 (−0.64–0.64) |
1 (0.35–1.65) |
2 (1.00–3.00) |
0.3 (0.22–0.38) |
| 95th percentile | Ref 29 |
0 (−0.66–0.66) |
0 (−0.66–0.66) |
1 (0.35–1.65) |
1 (0.35–1.65) |
2 (1.36–2.64) |
0.2 (0.14–0.36) |
| 97th percentile | Ref 31 |
1 (−0.35–2.35) |
2 (1.15–2.85) |
2 (0.69–3.31) |
3 (1.65–4.35) |
3 (1.67–4.33) |
0.25 (0.15–0.35) |
| C. Logistic regression (Odds Ratios) with different cut-points on K10 | |||||||
| Cut-point = 33 | Ref 1.00 |
1.10 (0.88–1.39) |
1.24 (1.02–1.52) |
1.28 (1.05–1.56) |
1.50 (1.22–1.84) |
1.65 (1.34–2.02) |
1.05 (1.03–1.07) |
| Cut-point = 32 | Ref 1.00 |
1.06 (0.86–1.31) |
1.24 (1.02–1.52) |
1.24 (1.04–1.48) |
1.47 (1.20–1.81) |
1.59 (1.31–1.94) |
1.05 (1.03–1.07) |
| Cut-point = 31 | Ref 1.00 |
1.00 (0.83–1.21) |
1.20 (1.00–1.44) |
1.23 (1.04–1.46) |
1.43 (1.18–1.72) |
1.61 (1.36–1.91) |
1.05 (1.04–1.07) |
| Cut-point = 30 (standard) | Ref 1.00 |
0.99 (0.74–1.18) |
1.13 (0.94–1.35) |
1.18 (1.01–1.39) |
1.43 (1.19–1.71) |
1.57 (1.34–1.83) |
1.05 (1.04–1.07) |
| Cut-point = 29 | Ref 1.00 |
0.97 (0.82–1.13) |
1.12 (0.95–1.31) | 1.13 (0.98–1.32) |
1.35 (1.14–1.59) |
1.49 (1.28–1.74) |
1.05 (1.03–1.06) |
| Cut-point = 28 | Ref 1.00 | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) |
1.09 (0.94–1.27) | 1.13 (0.98–1.29) |
1.32 (1.13–1.54) |
1.43 (1.23–1.65) |
1.04 (1.03–1.06) |
| Cut-point = 27 | Ref 1.00 | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) |
1.11 (0.96–1.28) |
1.16 (1.03–1.31) |
1.32 (1.15–1.52) |
1.44 (1.25–1.65) |
1.04 (1.03–1.06) |
*
Reference category represents mean in 2007 for OLS regression model, relevant quintile in 2007 for quintile regression models, and 2007 Odds Ratio reference for logistic regression models. Bold indicates significant at p < 0.05.