Table 2.

Material properties used for the full spine validation test.

Component	Material properties	Thickness
Vertebral bodies	E = 12 GPa; $v$ = 0.350	–
Intervertebral discs	E = 42.7 MPa; $v$ = 0.499 (Incompressible)49	–
Psoas major muscle	E = 0.52 MPa; $v$ = 0.499 (Incompressible)51	2.73 mm48
Multifidus muscle	E = 36.87 kPa MPa; $v$ = 0.499 (Incompressible)58	~ 4.5 mm48
Longissimus muscle	E = 36.87 kPa MPa; $v$ = 0.499 (Incompressible)58	4.03 mm48
Latissimus dorsi muscle	E = 36.87 kPa MPa; $v$ = 0.499 (Incompressible)58	~ 4.5 mm48
Intertransversarius muscles	E = 36.87 kPa MPa; $v$ = 0.499 (Incompressible)58	~ 1 mm48
Tendons	E = 1 GPa; $v$ = 0.499 (Incompressible)52	–
Thoracolumbar fascia	E = 450 MPa; $v$ = 0.499 (Incompressible)57	–
Abdominal wall	E = 25 kPa; $v$ = 0.4556	9.7 mm56