Table 1.

Summary of findings on exosomes and T1DM.

Experimental subjects	Findings	References
Rats and humans	Exosomes released from the pancreatic islets contain beta-cell autoantigens and can activate adaptive immune responses	(45)
MIN6B1 cells	Exosomal miRNA transfer regulates the activity of beta-cells and transduces apoptotic signals	(46)
NOD mice	Exosomes released from islet-derived MSCs can trigger autoimmune responses in NOD mice	(7)
INS-1 cells	NCDase-containing exosomes released by INS-1 cells inhibit beta-cell apoptosis induced by high levels of inflammatory cytokines	(47)
MIN6 and NOD mice	Exosomes containing miR-29b released from beta-cells modulate innate and adaptive immune responses	(48)
NHI6F Tu28	Pancreatic beta-cells shed membrane-derived microvesicles	(49)
MIN6 and NOD mice	Insulinoma-released exosomes can activate autoreactive T cells in NOD mice	(50)
MIN6 and NOD mice	Insulinoma-released exosomes can activate autoreactive marginal zone-like B cells in prediabetic NOD mice	(51)
Human islets and NOD mice	Exosomal miRNAs derived from T lymphocytes promote pancreatic beta-cell death	(52)