TABLE 2.
Experimental evidence of MXSG or its herbal/active ingredients for anti-influenza virus.
| MXSG/ingredient | Target | Mechanism | Methodology | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MXSG | AKT phosphorylation↓, PI3K↓ | Inhibited both viral adsorption and penetration; induced disruption of the viral particle | MXSG against influenza virus A/WSN/33 in MDCK cells | Hsieh et al. (2012) |
| Neuraminidase↓ | Prevented the proliferation of influenza virus | MXSG against type A influenza virus infection in BALB/c mice | Zhang et al. (2013) | |
| MH | Acidification of endosomes and lysosomes↓ | Inhibited virus growth | MH against influenza A/PR/8 virus in MDCK cells | Mantani et al. (1999) |
| LMEP, LEP and DPEP | NA | Inhibited the proliferation | MXSG treatment in influenza A in MDCK cells and male ICR mice | Wei et al. (2019) |
| (+)-Catechin | Acidification of endosomes and lysosomes↓ | Inhibited virus growth | (+)-Catechin treatment in influenza A/PR/8 virus in MDCK cells | Mantani et al. (2001) |
| Glycyrrhizin | NA | Lower membrane fluidity and inhibited virus entry | Glycyrrhizin treatment in influenza A/Aichi/2/68 virus in MDCK cells | Harada (2005) |
| NA | Reduced cell membrane endocytotic activity and reduced virus uptake | Glycyrrhizin treatment in influenza A virus (IAV) in MDCK/A549/Hfl-1 | Wolkerstorfer et al. (2009) | |
| NA | Inhibited virus proliferation, adsorption and penetration | Glycyrrhizin treatment in SARS-associated coronavirus in Vero cell culture (FFM-1 and FFM-2) | Cinatl et al. (2003) |
MH, Ephedra sinica Stapf; GC, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.; LMEP, L-methylephedrin; LEP, L-ephedrine; DPEP, D-pseudo-ephedrine; MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney; A549, human endothelial lung cells; Hfl-1, human lung fibroblast cells.