TABLE 3.
MXSG or its active ingredients for inhibiting the inflammatory lung injury.
| MXSG/ingredient | Target | Mechanism | Methodology | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MXSG | TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6↓, TLR4, MyD88, and TRAF6↓ | Inhibited TLR4-MyD88-TRAF6 signaling pathway and release of inflammatory cytokines, alleviated the inflammation reaction | MXSG against type A influenza virus infection in WT mice | Li et al. (2017) | |
| MCP-1↓ | Inhibited inflammation reaction | MXSG treatment in type A influenza virus infection in KM mice | Zou et al. (2018) | ||
| TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6↓, ICAM-1, TLR4, cav-1, Src and NF-κB↓, claudin-5, JAM-1 and occludin↑, p-cav-1↓, and MPO↓ | Inhibited the release of inflammatory cytokines and alleviated the inflammation reaction | MXSG posttreatment in LPS-induced male Sprague–Dawley rats ALI | Ma et al. (2014) | ||
| TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6↓, MPO↓, HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88, and p-p65↓ | Inhibited HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling and release of inflammatory cytokines, and alleviated the inflammation reaction | MXSG treatment in PM2.5 induced male Sprague-Dawley rats ALI | Fei et al. (2019) | ||
| Glycyrrhizin | F12, F13b, F9, and AT3 | These proteins were involved in the conversion of zymogen to serine protease, affecting the regulation of innate immunity | MXSG treatment in LPS-induced rats ALI | Yang et al. (2020) | |
| NA | Stimulation of IFN-gamma production by T cells | GL treatment in mice infected with influenza virus A2 | Utsunomiya et al. (1997) | ||
| TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6↓, TLR4, COX-2, MPO, iNOS, and NF-κB↓ | Inhibition of the TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway | GL treatment in LPS-induced BALB/c mice ALI | Lee et al. (2019) | ||
| Tlr2↑, MIP-2, KC, IL-4, IL-6, GM-CSF, NF-κB, and IFN-γ↓ | Inhibition of the TLR signaling pathway | GL treatment in LPS-induced BALB/c nude mice ALI | Kong et al. (2019) | ||
| TLR2, MyD88, and NF-κB↓ | Downregulate TLR2 signaling inhibit I/R-induced inflammatory response | GL could ameliorate I/R induced male BALB/C mice lung injury | Fei et al. (2017) | ||
| Licochalcone A | TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6↓ | Anti-inflammation reaction and alleviated inflammatory lung injury | Lico A treatment in LPS-induced male BALB/c mice ALI | Chu et al. (2012) | |
| LEP, DPEP | IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, MyD88, NF-κB p65, and RIG-1, IFN-γ, and IL-10↓ | Adjusting the TLRs and RIG-1 pathways alleviating lung injury | LEP, DPEP treatment in influenza A in male ICR mice | Wei et al. (2019) | |
GL, glycyrrhizin; LMEP, L-methylephedrin; LEP, L-ephedrine; DPEP, D-pseudo-ephedrine; Lico A, licochalcone A; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ALI, acute lung injury; TLRs, toll-like receptors; I/R, ischemia–reperfusion.