Fig. 4. Differential immune phenotypes at the first sampling and disease progression between sexes in Cohort A patients.

Sex-aggregated (a) and disaggregated (b) comparison of age, BMI, RNA concentration in nasopharyngeal swab and Saliva, and anti-S1-IgG between stabilized and deteriorated group. n=11, 6, 16, and 6 for age and BMI, n=9, 5, 9, and 5 for nasopharyngeal swab, n=6, 3, 8, and 4 for saliva, and n=10, 5, 14, and 6 for anti-S1-IgG, for M_stabilized, M_deteriorated, F_stabilized, and F_deteriorated group, respectively. Dotted lines in virus concentration panels and anti-S1-IgG panels indicate the detection limit and cutoff value for positivity, respectively. c, Cytokine/chemokine comparison between stabilized and deteriorated groups. n=10, 6, 14, and 5 for M_stabilized, M_deteriorated, F_stabilized, and F_deteriorated group, respectively. d, Comparisons in the proportions of activated (CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺) and terminally differentiated (PD-1⁺TIM-3⁺) CD4/CD8 T cells, and IFNγ⁺CD8 T cells in CD3-positive T cells are shown. n=10, 6, 16, and 6 for M_stabilized, M_deteriorated, F_stabilized, and F_deteriorated group, respectively. e, Pearson correlation heatmaps of the indicated parameters are shown for each sex. For viral RNA concentrations and cytokine/chemokine levels, log-transformed values were used for the calculation of the correlations. The size and color of the circles indicate the correlation coefficient (R), and only statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) are shown. Clinical deterioration from the first time point was scored by Cmax-C1. n=17 and 22 for male and female, respectively. f, Correlation between age and CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺ CD8 T cells (left) and IFNγ⁺CD8 T cells (right). Pearson correlation coefficient (R) and p-values for each correlation and for each sex are shown on top of each plot. Unpaired two-tailed t-test was used to compare the differences between stabilized group and deteriorated group in a, b, c, and d. Data are mean ± SEM. All p-values < 0.10 are shown in the panels.