Extended Data Table 4.

Adjusted least square means difference over time in immune response between male and female COVID-19 patients in Cohort B.

	Female Patients vs. Male Patients*
	Adjusted Difference (95% CI)	p-value
Viral Load†
Nasopharyngeal	0.18 (−0.58, 0.94)	0.63
Saliva	−0.15 (−1.19, 0.90)	0.78
Antibody‡
Anti-S1IgG	−0.06 (−0.30, 0.18)	0.63
Anti-S1IgM	0.02 (−0.16, 0.19)	0.86
Interferon Response§
IFNα2	0.25 (0.04, 0.47)	0.02
IFNγ	0.21 (−0.04, 0.46)	0.10
IFNλ2	−0.18 (−0.55, 0.20)	0.35
Cytokines, Chemokines and Growth Factors§
IL-1β	−0.03 (−0.33, 0.26)	0.82
IL-1RA	−0.11 (−0.36, 0.14)	0.39
IL-18	−0.003 (−0.25, 0.24)	0.98
IL-6	0.07 (−0.17, 0.30)	0.58
IL-8	−0.08 (−0.26, 0.11)	0.44
CXCL10	−0.18 (−0.50, 0.13)	0.25
CCL2	−0.02 (−0.11, 0.06)	0.57
CCL5	−0.12 (−0.22, −0.02)	0.02
M-CSF	0.001 (−0.27, 0.27)	0.99
CCL4	−0.07 (−0.18, 0.04)	0.19
TNFSF10	0.08 (−0.05, 0.20)	0.22
G-CSF	−0.14 (−0.47, 0.20)	0.43
PBMC Composition∥
T Cells	6.12 (0.49, 11.76)	0.03
T Cells (106 cells/mL)¶	0.13 (0.01, 0.25)	0.04
B Cells	−0.66 (−2.24, 0.92)	0.41
B Cells (106 cells/mL)¶	0.02 (−0.02, 0.05)	0.33
Total Monocytes	−2.32 (−6.56, 1.92)	0.28
cMono	−1.31 (−3.38, 0.76)	0.21
intMono	0.27 (−0.78, 1.33)	0.61
ncMono	−1.36 (−4.59, 1.87)	0.41
T Cell Phenotypes#
CD4	−1.02 (−7.45, 5.41)	0.75
CD8	3.62 (−1.62, 8.86)	0.17
CD38+HLA-DR+CD4	−0.09 (−0.62, 0.44)	0.74
CD38+HLA-DR+CD8	0.71 (−0.31, 1.73)	0.17
PD-1+TIM-3+CD4	0.06 (−0.22, 0.34)	0.67
PD-1+TIM-3+CD8	0.36 (−0.21, 0.93)	0.21

^*Adjusted for age, BMI, days from symptom onset, Toci treatment, CS treatment and ICU status.

^†Log₁₀(SARS-CoV-2 copies/mL); Nasopharyngeal N_{PT_F} = 33, N_{Pt_M} = 30; Saliva N_{PT_F} = 20, N_{Pt_M} = 18.

^‡OD450; N_{PT_F} = 44, N_{Pt_M} = 39.

^§Log₁₀ pg/mL; N_{PT_F} = 48, N_{Pt_M} = 43.

^∥As percent of live cells, unless indicated otherwise; N_{PT_F} = 46, N_{Pt_M} = 42.

^¶N_{Pt_M} = 33, N_{Pt_M} = 40.

^#As percent of CD3-positive cells; N_{PT_F} = 49, N_{Pt_M} = 42.

P-values determined using two-sided T-test and Morel-Bokossa-Neerchal correction.