Table 2. Examples of the term search used in our radiology label extraction framework, from simple (e.g., mass) to complex (e.g., cardiomegaly).

The presence of any word in the “Any” column will result in considering the associated abnormality positive. The presence of any word in the “Term 1” column along with any word in the “Term 2” column will result in considering the associated abnormliaty positive. “Example Matches” shows example words and phrases that will result in a positive label for that abnormlaity based on the term search. Appendix B includes the full term search.

Abnormality	Any	Term 1	Term 2	Example Matches
‘mass’	‘mass’			mass, masses
‘nodule’	‘nodul’			nodule, nodular, nodularity
‘opacity’	‘opaci’			opacity, opacities, opacification
‘pericardial effusion’	‘pericardial effusion’,’pericardial fluid’	‘pericardi’	‘fluid’,’effusion’	“pericardial effusion present”; “effusion in the pericardial sac”; “fluid also seen in the pericardial space”
‘cardiomegaly’	‘cardiomegaly’	‘large’, ‘increase’, ‘prominent’,’dilat’	‘cardiac’, ‘heart’, ‘ventric’, ‘atria’, ‘atrium’	“ventricular enlargement”; “the heart is enlarged”; “atrial dilation”; “increased heart size”