TABLE 2.
Cross-sectional association between serum 25(OH)D category and depressive symptoms (CES-D scores) (n = 1434) in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study at baseline1
| Sufficient (ref) (≥20 ng/mL) | Insufficient (12 to <20 ng/mL) | Deficient (<12 ng/mL) | P-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 12 | Ref | 1.15 (−0.40, 2.70) | 0.25 (−1.66, 2.17) | 0.56 |
| Model 23 | Ref | 1.14 (−0.39, 2.67) | 0.35 (−1.58, 2.29) | 0.49 |
| Model 34 | Ref | 0.76 (−0.72, 2.25) | −0.44 (−2.35, 1.46) | 0.90 |
| Model 45 | Ref | 0.50 (−1.00, 2.00) | −0.85 (−2.80, 1.10) | 0.59 |
Values are β (95% CI). CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Univariate model (n = 1434).
Model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, season of blood collection (n = 1420).
Model 2 additionally adjusted for smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity score, and chronic medical conditions score [conditions include diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, heart attack, heart disease (other than heart attack), stroke, respiratory disease, liver or gallbladder disease, kidney disease, Parkinson disease, cancer except skin, tuberculosis, hepatitis (type A, B, or C), and AIDS/HIV positive] (n = 1398).
Model 3 additionally adjusted for log-transformed plasma pyridoxal-5′-phosphate concentration + fruit servings/d + vegetable servings/d) (n = 1394).