TABLE 1.

Examples of peer-reviewed studies that used NHANES to study research questions relating to consumption of live microbe–containing food and health outcomes

Study reference no.	Study design	Population	Intervention/comparator	Outcome	AOR (95% CI)	AHR (95% CI)
(63)	Secondary analysis of NHANES 2003–2006 survey data	Adult, civilian, noninstitutionalized, residential USA	≥3 vs. <2 servings/wk yoghurt or probiotic supplement	Prevalent proteinuric kidney disease	0.76 (0.61, 0.94)	—
(64)	Secondary analysis of NHANES 1999–2014	Adult, civilian, noninstitutionalized, residential USA	Yogurt and/or probiotic supplementation vs. neither	Obesity	0.83 (0.76, 0.92)	—
(65)	Secondary analysis of NHANES 1999–2010	Adult (≥20 y old), civilian, noninstitutionalized, residential USA	Top vs. bottom 4th of yogurt consumption	Mortality	—	0.89 (0.83, 0.94)*

*When additional covariates for body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes were included, the beneficial effect of yogurt was slightly attenuated to AHR=0.93 (0.85, 1.01)