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. 2020 Dec 9;10:21526. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78371-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Auditory-evoked surface and source cortical activity. (A) The global field power (GFP; spatial standard deviation of surface potentials across electrodes) and cortical response at Cz electrode were averaged per group at two stages of initial cochlear implant (CI) use (0–1 month, early-onset: 15 responses in 11 children; late-onset: 6 responses in 6 children) and chronic CI use (≥ 3 month, early-onset: 27 responses in 15 children; late-onset: 14 responses in 6 children). Mean (solid line) ± standard error (shaded region) amplitude was plotted as a function of post-stimulus time for each stimulation mode. (B) Topographic distribution of mean average-referenced EEG activity across the surface of the head at the peak latency. (C) Axial view of mean evoked source activity (post-omnibus pseudo-Z) in ~ 64 k voxels that were evaluated using the TRACS beamformer shows the highest activation in the auditory cortex contralateral to the stimulated ear (normal hearing (NH) or cochlear implant (CI)). Note: The images in (B) and (C) were generated by flipping the x-axis in right CI users before averaging for display.