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. 2020 Dec 9;10:21591. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78550-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Viability of NR8383 alveolar macrophages after 16 h incubation with different unfunctionalized silica particles. The cell viability was determined by propidium iodide (PI) staining of non-viable cells and mean PI fluorescence intensity assessment by flow cytometry. Commercial silica particles served as positive control. (a) Comparison of the effects of different particle concentrations and morphologies on the cell viability. (b) Comparison of the effects of different particle morphologies on the cell viability at a particle concentration of 200 µg mL⁻¹. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3), given as percentage of the control (100%, untreated cells). Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences in comparison to the control (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).