Table 3.

Summarized effects of silica particles on NR8383 alveolar macrophages.

	Uptake by cells	Relative cytotoxicity	Reactive oxygen species	Cytokine induction (overall heat map)	IL-1β	GDF-15	TNF-α	CXCL1	PICMA
Nanospheres	Yes	Low	Low	High	Low	Low	High	Low	Low
Submicrospheres	Yes	Low	Intermediate	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Low
Submicrorods	Yes	Intermediate	Intermediate	Low	High	High	Low	Low	Low
Microspheres	Yes	High	Low	Intermediate	High	High	Low	Low	Low
Microrods	Yes	High	Low	Low	High	High	High	Low	Low
Silica positive control (agglomerated)	–	High	–	–	–	–	–	–	High

All data are relative within the five particle types and the positive control.