Figure 3.

Factors involved in astrogliosis. (A) After brain injury, astrocytes can receive “instructions” from their environment and respond to a plethora of signaling molecules. (B) In turn, astrocytes send “instructions” to their environment by releasing a variety of factors, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, as well as vascular mediators. This vicious cycle may lead to persistent activation of astrocytes which can contribute to epileptogenesis. Adapted from Sofroniew (32).