Table 1.
Mitochondrial pathways for the treatment of OA.
| Potential drugs | Cells | Methods | Mechanism | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melatonin | Chondrocytes (CHON-001) | In vitro: Co-culture In vivo: Histological evaluation | Inhibit PI3K/Akt, JNK, ERK, p38 and MAPK | Inos↓, COX-2↓, NO↓, PGE2↓ | (23) |
| Resveratrol | Chondrocytes | In vitro: Co-culture | BAX/mitochondrial Cyt-C/Caspase | COX-2↓, NO↓, PGE2↓ | (24) |
| DHM | TNF-α-treated chondrocyte and rats | In vitro: Co-culture In vivo: Histological evaluation | AMPK/SIRT3/PGC-1α | Mitochondrial fusion↑, antioxidant capacity ↑, ECM balance↑ | (25) |
| Apple procyanidins | Primary chondrocytes and chondrocyte-specific Sod2−/− mice | In vitro: Co-culture In vivo: Histological evaluation | AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α | Integrity of mtDNA↑, mitochondrial biogenesis↑ and proteoglycan biosynthesis↑ | (26) |
| 25 μM Zinc | MIA-treated SW1353 chondrocytes | In vitro: Co-culture | PINK1-Mitophagy PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 | Mitophagy↑, oxidative stress ↓ | (27) |
| SIRT3 activator | Human and mouse chondrocytes; C57BL/6 male mice | In vitro: Co-culture In vivo: Histological evaluation | AMPK/SIRT3/SOD2 | Integrity of mtDNA4977↑ | (28) |
| Quercetin | Chondrocytes from 1-week-old Sprague Dawley rats; OA rats. | In vitro: Co-culture In vivo: Histological evaluation | AMPK/SIRT1; Inhibit caspase-3 | NO↓, MMP-3↓, MMP-13↓ and apoptosis↓ | (29) |
| Puerarin | MIA-treated OA rats | In vivo: Histological evaluation | AMPK/PGC-1α | Mitochondrial biogenesis↑ | (30) |
| LRWXG | ACLT-treated rats | In vivo: Histological evaluation | BAX/mitochondrial Cyt-C/Caspase | Bcl-2↑, MMP-3↓ and MMP-13↓ | (31) |
| Ginsenoside Rg1 | IL-1β-treated chondrocytes | In vitro: Co-culture | PI3K/Art | Caspase-3↓, TIMP-1↑, MMP-13↓ and Bcl-2↑ | (32) |
| CS | H2O2-treated chondrocytes | In vitro: Co-culture | Increase MMP | MMP↑, Caspase-3↓ and Caspase-9↓ | (33) |
| 200 μM taurine | H2O2-induced chondrocytes | In vitro: Co-culture | Regulate Nrf2, miR-146a and miR-34a | Bcl-2↑, BAX↓ | (34) |
| DADS | C2812 chondrocytes | In vitro: Co-culture | Enhance Nrf2 | GPx1↑, GPx3↑, GPx4↑, CAT↑, SOD1↑, BAX/Bcl-2↓ and Caspase-3↓ | (35) |