Table 1.
Prevalence of current probable mental disorders among Spanish healthcare workers, according to individual characteristics, COVID-19 exposure, and prior lifetime disorders. MINCOVID study (N = 9138) (absolute numbers and weighted proportions).
| Na | %b | Current MDD (n = 2554) | Current GAD (n = 2007) | Current panic attacks (n = 2064) | Current PTSD (n = 1946) | Current substance use disorder (n = 569) | Any current mental disorder (n = 4118) | Any current disabling mental disorder (n = 1278) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %b (SE) | %b (SE) | %b (SE) | %b (SE) | %b (SE) | %b (SE) | %b (SE) | |||
| 28.1 (0.5)* | 22.5 (0.4)* | 24.0 (0.5)* | 22.2 (0.4)* | 6.2 (0.3)* | 45.7 (0.5)* | 14.5 (0.5)* | |||
| Gender | |||||||||
| -Male | 1766 | 22.7 (0.4)* | 20.2 (0.9)* | 17.1 (0.8)* | 17.6 (0.9)* | 15.6 (0.8)* | 8.3 (0.6)* | 36.4 (1.1)* | 10.7 (0.9)* |
| -Female | 7372 | 77.3 (0.4) | 30.4 (0.6) | 24.1 (0.5) | 25.8 (0.5) | 24.2 (0.5) | 5.6 (0.3) | 48.5 (0.6) | 15.6 (0.6) |
| Age | |||||||||
| -18–29 years | 1188 | 10.8 (0.3)* | 33.7 (1.5)* | 27.8 (1.4)* | 32.1 (1.5)* | 22.9 (1.3)* | 9.6 (1.0)* | 54.7 (1.6)* | 16.6 (1.4)* |
| -30–49 year | 4252 | 45.8 (0.5) | 30.2 (0.7) | 24.9 (0.7) | 25.6 (0.7) | 24.1 (0.7) | 7.0 (0.4) | 49.2 (0.8) | 15.4 (0.7) |
| -50 years or more | 3698 | 43.4 (0.5) | 24.4 (0.7) | 18.7 (0.6) | 20.2 (0.7) | 20.1 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.3) | 39.8 (0.8) | 13.0 (0.7) |
| Country of birth | |||||||||
| -Spain | 8677 | 95.4 (0.2)* | 27.7 (0.5)* | 22.5 (0.5) | 23.6 (0.5)* | 22.2 (0.5) | 6.1 (0.3) | 45.4 (0.5)* | 14.4 (0.5) |
| -Other | 461 | 4.6 (0.2) | 36.0 (2.4) | 22.5 (2.1) | 31.4 (2.4) | 22.5 (2.1) | 7.7 (1.3) | 53.3 (2.5) | 15.3 (2.1) |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| -Single, divorced or legally separated, or widowed | 4465 | 47.0 (0.5)* | 30.8 (0.7)* | 22.7 (0.6) | 26.5 (0.7)* | 23.1 (0.6) | 7.6 (0.4)* | 48.9 (0.8)* | 15.9 (0.7)* |
| -Married | 4673 | 53.0 (0.5) | 25.6 (0.6) | 22.4 (0.6) | 21.7 (0.6) | 21.5 (0.6) | 5.0 (0.3) | 42.9 (0.7) | 13.2 (0.7) |
| Having children in care | |||||||||
| -Younger (<12 ys) children in care | 2377 | 25.9 (0.5)* | 27.9 (0.9)* | 24.4 (0.9)* | 23.6 (0.9)* | 22.3 (0.9) | 4.7 (0.4)* | 46.6 (1.1)* | 14.5 (0.9) |
| -Children in care, but >12ys | 1328 | 15.5 (0.4) | 24.7 (1.2) | 18.1 (1.0) | 21.4 (1.1) | 21.0 (1.1) | 5.7 (0.6) | 42.0 (1.4) | 12.7 (1.0) |
| -No children in care | 5433 | 58.6 (0.5) | 29.1 (0.6) | 22.8 (0.6) | 24.8 (0.6) | 22.5 (0.6) | 7.0 (0.4) | 46.4 (0.7) | 15.0 (0.6) |
| Living situation | |||||||||
| -House | 3724 | 42.4 (0.5)* | 27.6 (0.7) | 23.1 (0.7) | 22.8 (0.7) | 23.3 (0.7)* | 4.8 (0.4)* | 44.6 (0.8) | 14.1 (0.7) |
| -Apartment | 5383 | 57.2 (0.5) | 28.4 (0.6) | 22.0 (0.6) | 24.8 (0.6) | 21.3 (0.6) | 7.2 (0.4) | 46.5 (0.7) | 14.7 (0.7) |
| -Other | 31 | 0.4 (0.1) | 37.0 (8.5) | 31.9 (8.1) | 32.9 (8.5) | 41.7 (8.7) | 6.8 (4.7) | 53.1 (9.0) | 23.6 (8.9) |
| Profession | |||||||||
| -Physician | 2953 | 26.4 (0.5)* | 22.4 (0.9)* | 17.0 (0.8)* | 14.3 (0.7)* | 13.8 (0.7)* | 6.8 (0.5)* | 35.9 (1.0)* | 9.6 (0.7)* |
| -Nurse | 2746 | 30.6 (0.5) | 31.2 (0.9) | 25.6 (0.8) | 24.2 (0.8) | 25.1 (0.8) | 5.5 (0.4) | 50.4 (1.0) | 16.9 (0.9) |
| -Auxiliary nurse | 881 | 13.6 (0.4) | 38.9 (1.4) | 30.8 (1.3) | 39.6 (1.4) | 35.1 (1.4) | 4.9 (0.6) | 59.5 (1.4) | 19.8 (1.4) |
| -Other profession involved in patient care | 960 | 9.2 (0.3) | 21.7 (1.4) | 17.2 (1.3) | 21.6 (1.5) | 18.1 (1.3) | 7.8 (0.9) | 40.0 (1.7) | 11.3 (1.3) |
| -Other profession not involved in patient care | 1598 | 20.3 (0.4) | 26.5 (1.0) | 22.0 (1.0) | 26.8 (1.1) | 22.1 (1.0) | 6.6 (0.6) | 44.9 (1.2) | 15.0 (1.1) |
| Workplace setting | |||||||||
| -Hospital | 5207 | 54.1 (0.5)* | 28.9 (0.7)* | 22.7 (0.6) | 25.1 (0.6)* | 23.2 (0.6)* | 6.8 (0.4)* | 47.1 (0.7)* | 14.9 (0.6) |
| -Primary Care | 2772 | 35.2 (0.5) | 27.9 (0.8) | 22.8 (0.8) | 22.8 (0.8) | 21.6 (0.7) | 5.2 (0.4) | 44.5 (0.9) | 14.0 (0.9) |
| -Others | 1159 | 10.7 (0.3) | 24.7 (1.4) | 20.6 (1.3) | 22.0 (1.4) | 19.2 (1.3) | 6.5 (0.8) | 43.0 (1.6) | 13.8 (1.4) |
| Frontline work during COVID-19 | |||||||||
| -Frontline | 4180 | 43.6 (0.5)* | 36.2 (0.8)* | 29.7 (0.7)* | 30.3 (0.8)* | 28.6 (0.7)* | 6.4 (0.4) | 54.9 (0.8)* | 18.3 (0.8)* |
| -Not-frontline | 4958 | 56.4 (0.5) | 21.8 (0.6) | 16.9 (0.5) | 19.1 (0.6) | 17.3 (0.5) | 6.0 (0.3) | 38.6 (0.7) | 11.6 (0.6) |
| Frequency of direct exposure to COVID-19 patients | |||||||||
| -All of the time | 2256 | 23.0 (0.5)* | 39.7 (1.1)* | 34.3 (1.1)* | 32.5 (1.1)* | 32.4 (1.0)* | 7.1 (0.6) | 58.7 (1.1)* | 18.8 (1.1)* |
| -Most of the time | 1924 | 20.7 (0.4) | 32.3 (1.1) | 24.7 (1.0) | 27.9 (1.1) | 24.5 (1.0) | 5.7 (0.6) | 50.7 (1.2) | 17.7 (1.1) |
| -Some of the time | 2617 | 30.2 (0.5) | 26.1 (0.9) | 20.3 (0.8) | 22.4 (0.8) | 22.3 (0.8) | 6.1 (0.5) | 44.7 (1.0) | 13.4 (0.9) |
| -A little of the time | 1183 | 14.1 (0.4) | 19.1 (1.1) | 14.7 (1.0) | 16.1 (1.1) | 13.6 (1.0) | 6.8 (0.7) | 34.5 (1.4) | 11.1 (1.0) |
| -None of the time | 1158 | 12.0 (0.4) | 14.4 (1.1) | 11.3 (1.0) | 14.2 (1.1) | 8.9 (0.9) | 4.8 (0.7) | 28.1 (1.4) | 7.6 (1.0) |
| COVID-19 infection history | |||||||||
| -Having been hospitalized for COVID-19 | 112 | 1.2 (0.1)* | 38.4 (4.6)* | 33.9 (4.5)* | 27.7 (4.3)* | 25.5 (4.1) | 7.8 (2.6)* | 55.6 (4.7)* | 24.8 (4.7)* |
| -Positive COVID-19 test or medical COVID-19c | 1576 | 16.2 (0.4) | 32.8 (1.2) | 25.6 (1.1) | 26.5 (1.2) | 23.3 (1.1) | 4.6 (0.6) | 49.2 (1.3) | 16.4 (1.1) |
| -None of the above | 7450 | 82.6 (0.4) | 27.0 (0.5) | 21.8 (0.5) | 23.4 (0.5) | 22.0 (0.5) | 6.5 (0.3) | 44.9 (0.6) | 14.0 (0.6) |
| Isolation or quarantine because of COVID-19 | |||||||||
| -Having been isolated or quarantined | 2444 | 25.5 (0.5)* | 33.9 (1.0)* | 26.0 (0.9)* | 27.6 (0.9)* | 24.3 (0.9)* | 6.1 (0.5) | 51.8 (1.1)* | 17.9 (1.0)* |
| -Not having been isolated or quarantined | 6694 | 74.5 (0.5) | 26.1 (0.5) | 21.3 (0.5) | 22.7 (0.5) | 21.5 (0.5) | 6.2 (0.3) | 43.7 (0.6) | 13.3 (0.6) |
| Close ones infected with COVID-19 | |||||||||
| -Partner, children, or parents | 1396 | 13.8 (0.4)* | 35.7 (1.4)* | 28.7 (1.3)* | 25.6 (1.3) | 26.2 (1.2)* | 5.7 (0.7)* | 51.4 (1.4)* | 17.1 (1.2) |
| -Other family, friends or othersd | 5532 | 58.5 (0.5) | 27.6 (0.6) | 22.2 (0.6) | 24.0 (0.6) | 21.4 (0.6) | 6.8 (0.4) | 46.0 (0.7) | 14.1 (0.6) |
| -None of the above | 2210 | 27.7 (0.5) | 25.4 (0.9) | 20.1 (0.8) | 23.1 (0.9) | 21.9 (0.8) | 5.0 (0.5) | 42.5 (1.0) | 14.1 (0.9) |
| Lifetime mental disorders before onset COVID-19 outbreak | |||||||||
| -Lifetime mood disorder | 1009 | 11.2 (0.3) * | 50.1 (1.6)* | 39.2 (1.5) * | 38.6 (1.6) * | 36.2 (1.5) * | 10.9 (1.0) * | 70.4 (1.4) * | 31.1 (1.9) * |
| -No lifetime mood disorder | 8129 | 88.8 (0.3) | 25.3 (0.5) | 20.4 (0.5) | 22.1 (0.5) | 20.5 (0.5) | 5.6 (0.3) | 42.6 (0.6) | 12.4 (0.5) |
| -Lifetime anxiety disorder | 3241 | 35.9 (0.5) * | 40.0 (0.9) * | 32.6 (0.8) * | 38.4 (0.9) * | 30.9 (0.8) * | 9.5 (0.5) * | 63.6 (0.9) * | 21.9 (1.0) * |
| -No lifetime anxiety disorder | 5897 | 64.1 (0.5) | 21.4 (0.5) | 16.9 (0.5) | 15.9 (0.5) | 17.4 (0.5) | 4.3 (0.3) | 35.8 (0.6) | 10.3 (0.5) |
| -Lifetime substance use disorder | 124 | 1.4 (0.1) * | 61.0 (4.4) * | 41.8 (4.4) * | 40.2 (4.6) * | 42.0 (4.4) * | 62.8 (4.4) * | 90.1 (2.8) * | 30.5 (4.9) * |
| -No lifetime substance use disorder | 9015 | 98.6 (0.1) | 27.6 (0.5) | 22.3 (0.4) | 23.7 (0.5) | 22.0 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.2) | 45.1 (0.5) | 14.3 (0.5) |
| -Other lifetime mental disorder | 257 | 2.8 (0.2) * | 38.8 (3.1) * | 25.4 (2.7) | 29.2 (2.9) | 28.1 (2.8) * | 9.5 (1.9) * | 58.1 (3.1) * | 26.0 (3.5) * |
| -No other lifetime mental disorder | 8881 | 97.2 (0.2) | 27.8 (0.5) | 22.4 (0.4) | 23.8 (0.5) | 22.1 (0.4) | 6.1 (0.3) | 45.4 (0.5) | 14.2 (0.5) |
| -Any lifetime mental disorder | 3771 | 41.6 (0.5)* | 39.5 (0.8)* | 31.3 (0.8)* | 36.1 (0.8)* | 30.0 (0.8)* | 9.2 (0.5)* | 62.3 (0.8)* | 21.6 (0.9)* |
| -No lifetime mental disorder | 5367 | 58.4 (0.5) | 20.0 (0.6) | 16.3 (0.5) | 15.3 (0.5) | 16.7 (0.5) | 4.0 (0.3) | 33.9 (0.7) | 9.4 (0.5) |
| Number of prior lifetime mental disorders | |||||||||
| -Zero | 5367 | 58.4 (0.5)* | 20.0 (0.6)* | 16.3 (0.5)* | 15.3 (0.5)* | 16.7 (0.5)* | 4.0 (0.3)* | 33.9 (0.7)* | 9.4 (0.5)* |
| -Exactly one | 2999 | 33.0 (0.5) | 35.4 (0.9) | 27.9 (0.8) | 33.7 (0.9) | 27.0 (0.8) | 7.3 (0.5) | 58.1 (0.9) | 18.0 (0.9) |
| -Two or more | 771 | 8.6 (0.3) | 55.0 (1.8) | 44.1 (1.8) | 45.6 (1.9) | 41.4 (1.8) | 16.6 (1.3) | 78.0 (1.5) | 35.3 (2.2) |
*
Pooled Chi-square test from multiple imputations statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons with Benjamini-Hochberg (false discovery rate 0.05).
a
Unweighted numbers.
b
Weighted percentage (using post-stratification weights obtained with raking procedure).
c
The category “positive COVID-19 test or medical COVID-19 diagnosis” excludes those having been hospitalized for COVID-19.
d
The category “other family, friends or others” excludes having a partner, children, or parents infected with COVID-19.