Table 2.

Bivariate associations between individual characteristics, COVID-19 exposure, and pre-pandemic lifetime (LT) mental disorders with any probable current mental disorders and current disabling. Spanish healthcare workers, MINDCOVID study (N=9138).

	ALL (n = 9138)		No prior LT mental disorders (new onset) (n = 5367)		Prior LT mental disorder (persistence relapse) (n = 3771)
	Any current mental disorder (n = 4118)	Any current disabling mental disorder (n = 1278)	Any current mental disorder (n = 1818)	Any current disabling mental disorder (n = 485)	Any current mental disorder (n = 2300)	Any current disabling mental disorder (n = 793)
	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
Gender – female (vs. male)	1.60 (1.44–1.78)*	1.77 (1.46–2.14)*	1.74 (1.50–2.02)*	1.96 (1.43–2.70)*	1.32 (1.12–1.56)*	1.45 (1.11–1.88)*
Age
-18–29 years	1.77 (1.53–2.05)*	1.61 (1.27–2.03)*	1.89 (1.54–2.34)*	1.73 (1.17–2.56)*	1.36 (1.09–1.69)*	1.22 (0.89–1.67)
-30–49 year	1.48 (1.35–1.62)*	1.39 (1.19–1.63)*	1.55 (1.37–1.76)*	1.51 (1.19–1.91)*	1.35 (1.17–1.57)*	1.25 (1.00–1.57)
-50 years or more	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Country of Birth – Spain (vs. Other)	0.74 (0.60–0.91)*	0.85 (0.61–1.19)	0.80 (0.60–1.06)	0.93 (0.54–1.62)	0.69 (0.49–0.97)*	0.83 (0.51–1.35)
Marital status – married (vs. single, divorced or legally separated, or widowed)	0.81 (0.74–0.88)*	0.77 (0.67–0.89)*	0.88 (0.78–0.99)*	0.88 (0.70–1.10)	0.86 (0.75–0.99)*	0.82 (0.67–1.00)
Having children in care
-Younger (<12 ys) children in care	1.04 (0.94–1.15)	1.01 (0.86–1.18)	1.17 (1.02–1.34)*	1.18 (0.91–1.51)	1.00 (0.85–1.18)	0.96 (0.76–1.21)
-Children in care, but >12ys	0.86 (0.76–0.97)*	0.81 (0.66–0.99)*	0.89 (0.75–1.06)	0.80 (0.58–1.10)	0.90 (0.74–1.10)	0.89 (0.66–1.18)
-No children in care	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Living situation
-House	0.78 (0.38–1.61)	0.53 (0.19–1.43)	0.74 (0.23–2.40)	0.45 (0.09–2.29)	1.16 (0.45–3.00)	0.79 (0.21–3.00)
-Apartment	0.85 (0.41–1.75)	0.56 (0.20–1.53)	0.80 (0.25–2.57)	0.47 (0.09–2.40)	1.17 (0.45–3.02)	0.78 (0.20–3.01)
-Other	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Profession
-Physician	0.63 (0.55–0.71)*	0.50 (0.40–0.62)*	0.66 (0.55–0.79)*	0.47 (0.33–0.68)*	0.64 (0.52–0.78)*	0.53 (0.39–0.73)*
-Nurse	1.17 (1.03–1.32)*	1.16 (0.95–1.42)	1.41 (1.19–1.68)*	1.29 (0.94–1.77)	1.03 (0.85–1.26)	1.10 (0.83–1.45)
-Auxiliary nurse	1.74 (1.48–2.03)*	1.73 (1.35–2.22)*	1.81 (1.45–2.26)*	1.62 (1.09–2.41)*	1.72 (1.33–2.23)*	1.79 (1.26–2.56)*
-Other profession involved in patient care	0.78 (0.66–0.93)*	0.65 (0.48–0.88)*	0.71 (0.55–0.91)*	0.60 (0.37–0.98)*	0.88 (0.67–1.15)	0.70 (0.47–1.06)
-Other profession not involved in patient care	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Workplace setting
-Hospital	1.10 (0.95–1.28)	1.08 (0.85–1.38)	1.06 (0.86–1.30)	1.07 (0.71–1.61)	1.15 (0.91–1.47)	1.14 (0.81–1.60)
-Primary Care	1.14 (0.95–1.36)	1.14 (0.82–1.57)	1.22 (0.94–1.58)	1.24 (0.73–2.10)	1.08 (0.82–1.44)	1.11 (0.71–1.74)
-Other	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Frontline work during COVID-19	1.82 (1.66–1.99)*	2.00 (1.72–2.32)*	1.97 (1.73–2.23)*	2.44 (1.89–3.14)*	1.77 (1.54–2.04)*	1.86 (1.53–2.27)*
Frequency of direct exposure to COVID-19 patients
-All of the time	3.30 (2.78–3.91)*	3.88 (2.85–5.28)*	4.37 (3.37–5.68)*	5.78 (3.37–9.94)*	3.11 (2.41–4.01)*	3.68 (2.47–5.47)*
-Most of the time	2.53 (2.14–3.01)*	3.27 (2.39–4.47)*	3.04 (2.32–3.97)*	4.35 (2.48–7.64)*	2.42 (1.89–3.10)*	3.04 (2.04–4.54)*
-Some of the time	2.01 (1.71–2.37)*	2.24 (1.63–3.07)*	2.49 (1.93–3.21)*	2.70 (1.54–4.74)*	1.88 (1.48–2.38)*	2.21 (1.49–3.29)*
-A little of the time	1.31 (1.09–1.58)*	1.57 (1.13–2.20)*	1.44 (1.08–1.91)*	1.74 (0.96–3.16)	1.42 (1.08–1.86)*	1.73 (1.11–2.70)*
-None of the time	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
COVID-19 infection history
-Having been hospitalized for COVID-19	1.41 (0.96–2.06)	2.05 (1.23–3.41)*	1.05 (0.59–1.85)	1.83 (0.82–4.09)	1.65 (0.90–3.02)	2.18 (1.04–4.57)*
-Positive COVID-19 test or medical COVID-19 diagnosisa	1.07 (0.95–1.20)	1.12 (0.93–1.34)	1.03 (0.88–1.21)	1.10 (0.82–1.48)	1.11 (0.92–1.34)	1.14 (0.88–1.47)
-None of the above	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Having been isolated or quarantined because of COVID-19	1.35 (1.22–1.49)*	1.52 (1.31–1.77)*	1.27 (1.10–1.45)*	1.52 (1.20–1.92)*	1.41 (1.20–1.65)*	1.56 (1.25–1.94)*
Close ones infected with COVID-19
-Partner, children, or parents	1.25 (1.08–1.44)*	1.19 (0.95–1.48)	1.51 (1.25–1.84)*	1.41 (1.01–1.96)*	0.99 (0.79–1.25)	0.97 (0.70–1.34)
-Other family, friends or othersb	1.09 (0.98–1.20)	0.98 (0.83–1.16)	1.24 (1.08–1.42)*	1.03 (0.78–1.35)	0.95 (0.81–1.11)	0.90 (0.71–1.14)
-None of the above	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Lifetime mood disorder before onset COVID-19 outbreak	3.18 (2.75–3.68)*	4.88 (4.02–5.94)*	n.a.	n.a.	1.61 (1.38–1.89)*	2.41 (1.95–2.98)*
Lifetime anxiety disorder before onset COVID-19 outbreak	3.15 (2.87–3.45)*	3.72 (3.19–4.34)*	n.a.	n.a.	1.52 (1.26–1.84)*	1.44 (1.08–1.92)*
Lifetime substance use disorder before onset COVID-19 outbreak	11.55 (6.18–21.56)*	12.69 (6.17–26.11)*	n.a.	n.a.	6.02 (3.21–11.28)*	6.20 (2.91–13.19)*
Other lifetime mental disorder before onset COVID-19 outbreak	1.62 (1.26–2.09)*	2.32 (1.64–3.30)*	n.a.	n.a.	0.79 (0.61–1.03)	1.04 (0.72–1.50)
Any lifetime mental disorder before onset COVID-19 outbreak	3.21 (2.93–3.51)*	3.97 (3.40–4.63)*	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Having two or more lifetime mental disorders (vs. zero or exactly one)	4.72 (3.95–5.65)*	7.34 (5.85–9.21)*	n.a.	n.a.	2.52 (2.09–3.05)*	3.79 (2.98–4.84)*

Note: OR, odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; n.a., not applicable.

All analyses adjust for time of survey (weeks), hospital membership and all predictors shown in the rows.

^*Statistically significant (α = 0.05).

^aThe category “positive COVID-19 test or medical COVID-19 diagnosis” excludes those having been hospitalized for COVID-19.

^bThe category “other family, friends or others” excludes having a partner, children, or parents infected with COVID-19.