Table 3.
Multivariable associations between individual characteristics, COVID-19 exposure, and prior lifetime (LT) mental disorders with probable current mental disorders and current disabling mental disorders. Spanish healthcare workers, MINDCOVID study (N = 9138).
| ALL (n = 9138) |
No prior LT mental disorders (new onset) (n = 5367) |
Prior LT mental disorder (persistence/relapse) (n = 3771) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any current mental disorder (n = 4118) | Any current disabling mental disorder (n = 1278) | Any current mental disorder (n = 1818) | Any current disabling mental disorder (n = 485) | Any current mental disorder (n = 2300) | Any current disabling mental disorder (n = 793) | |
| aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | |
| Gender - female (vs. male) | 1.45 (1.29–1.63)* | 1.58 (1.27–1.96)* | 1.54 (1.31–1.81)* | 1.77 (1.27–2.46)* | 1.36 (1.13–1.63)* | 1.50 (1.12–2.01)* |
| Age | ||||||
| -18–29 years | 1.53 (1.28–1.82)* | 1.36 (1.02–1.82)* | 1.82 (1.43–2.32)* | 1.67 (1.07–2.61)* | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 1.17 (0.80–1.71) |
| -30–49 year | 1.46 (1.30–1.64)* | 1.34 (1.09–1.64)* | 1.49 (1.27–1.74)* | 1.39 (1.04–1.87)* | 1.42 (1.19–1.70)* | 1.30 (0.98–1.74) |
| -50 years or more | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Marital status – married (vs. single, divorced or legally separated, or widowed) | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | 1.09 (0.84–1.42) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) |
| Having children in care | ||||||
| -Younger (<12 ys) children in care | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 1.00 (0.84–1.20) | 1.03 (0.74–1.42) | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) | 0.99 (0.73–1.33) |
| -Children in care, but >12 ys | 0.96 (0.84–1.11) | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 0.95 (0.78–1.14) | 0.82 (0.57–1.16) | 0.99 (0.80–1.24) | 0.95 (0.68–1.32) |
| -No children in care | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Profession | ||||||
| -Physician | 0.45 (0.39–0.53)* | 0.34 (0.26–0.44)* | 0.45 (0.37–0.55)* | 0.30 (0.20–0.45)* | 0.45 (0.36–0.56)* | 0.36 (0.25–0.52)* |
| -Nurse | 0.77 (0.67–0.90)* | 0.73 (0.57–0.92)* | 0.82 (0.67–0.99)* | 0.69 (0.48–0.98)* | 0.70 (0.56–0.87)* | 0.73 (0.53–1.01) |
| -Auxiliary nurse | 1.12 (0.94–1.34) | 1.07 (0.80–1.42) | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) | 0.92 (0.60–1.40) | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | 1.18 (0.79–1.78) |
| -Other profession involved in patient care | 0.67 (0.55–0.80)* | 0.54 (0.39–0.75)* | 0.59 (0.45–0.77)* | 0.50 (0.30–0.82)* | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | 0.57 (0.36–0.92)* |
| -Other profession not involved in patient care | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Frequency of direct exposure to COVID-19 patients | ||||||
| -All of the time | 3.98 (3.27–4.85)* | 5.19 (3.61–7.46)* | 4.40 (3.31–5.85)* | 6.62 (3.70–11.85)* | 3.53 (2.66–4.68)* | 4.27 (2.70–6.76)* |
| -Most of the time | 3.10 (2.54–3.76)* | 4.53 (3.17–6.48)* | 3.15 (2.36–4.20)* | 5.00 (2.77–9.01)* | 3.08 (2.34–4.06)* | 4.26 (2.70–6.71)* |
| -Some of the time | 2.50 (2.08–3.01)* | 2.96 (2.07–4.23)* | 2.74 (2.09–3.60)* | 3.25 (1.82–5.82)* | 2.24 (1.73–2.90)* | 2.71 (1.74–4.20)* |
| -A little of the time | 1.55 (1.27–1.90)* | 1.93 (1.33–2.80)* | 1.60 (1.19–2.14)* | 2.06 (1.13–3.78)* | 1.53 (1.15–2.03)* | 1.81 (1.12–2.92)* |
| -None of the time | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| COVID-19 infection history | ||||||
| -Having been hospitalized for COVID-19 | 1.06 (0.69–1.64) | 1.42 (0.76–2.65) | 0.92 (0.50–1.71) | 1.48 (0.60–3.65) | 1.23 (0.64–2.39) | 1.38 (0.57–3.34) |
| -Positive COVID-19 test or medical COVID-19 diagnosisa | 0.82 (0.70–0.95)* | 0.76 (0.60–0.96)* | 0.77 (0.63–0.93)* | 0.69 (0.48–1.01) | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 0.83 (0.60–1.14) |
| -None of the above | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Having been isolated or quarantined because of COVID-19 | 1.36 (1.20–1.54)* | 1.60 (1.31–1.95)* | 1.34 (1.13–1.59)* | 1.64 (1.20–2.25)* | 1.41 (1.16–1.71)* | 1.60 (1.21–2.11)* |
| Lifetime mood disorder before onset COVID-19 outbreak | 2.53 (2.04–3.15)* | 3.23 (2.27–4.60)* | n.a. | n.a. | 2.91 (1.29–6.57)* | 4.46 (1.65–12.03)* |
| Lifetime anxiety disorder before onset COVID-19 outbreak | 2.82 (2.53–3.13)* | 3.03 (2.53–3.62)* | n.a. | n.a. | 3.36 (1.49–7.58)* | 4.30 (1.61–11.43)* |
| Lifetime substance use disorder before onset COVID-19 outbreak | 8.25 (4.22–16.11)* | 5.74 (2.53–13.03)* | n.a. | n.a. | 9.17 (3.67–22.92)* | 7.23 (2.60–20.08)* |
| Other lifetime mental disorder before onset COVID-19 outbreak | 1.53 (1.15–2.05)* | 2.06 (1.35–3.13)* | n.a. | n.a. | 1.77 (0.80–3.89) | 2.69 (1.07–6.76)* |
| Having two or more lifetime mental disorders (vs. zero or exactly one) | 0.93 (0.69–1.24) | 1.17 (0.76–1.79) | n.a. | n.a. | 0.78 (0.33–1.83) | 0.83 (0.29–2.36) |
| AUC | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.73 |
OR, adjusted Odd Ratio; CI, 95% Confidence Interval; ref, reference category; AUC, Area under the curve. SE, Standard Error, n.a. not applicable.
Each column represents a separate regression model, each time adjusting for time of survey (weeks), hospital membership, and all.
*
Statistically significant (α = 0.05).
a
The category “positive COVID-19 test or medical COVID-19 diagnosis” excludes those having been hospitalized for COVID-19.