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. 2020 Dec 3;15:9683–9701. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S287456

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© 2020 Hwang.

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PMC Copyright notice

Simplified diagram showing the signaling cascades mediating the nonhematopoietic neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin. Modified with permission from Murua A, Orive G, Hernandez RM, Pedraz JL. Emerging technologies in the delivery of erythropoietin for therapeutics. Medicinal research reviews. 2011;31(2):284–309. Copyright 2011, John Wiley and Sons.²