Table 3.
Multivariable Linear Regression Demonstrating Difference in Expected Total Factor Score Compared to Those With Normal Vision, Stratified by VI Cause
| Uncorrected Refractive Error (n = 61)a | Cataract (n = 81) | Other Causesb (n = 41) | Total Visual Impairment (n = 184) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor 1: Daily Activities c | ||||
| Change in Score (CI) | Change in Score (CI) | Change in Score (CI) | Change in Score (CI) | |
| Baseline (intercept) d | 17.4 (13.4 to 21.5) | 18.1 (13.6 to 22.7) | 19.5 (14.8 to 24.1) | 19.1 (14.4 to 23.8) |
| Mean score change | + 2.0 (0.5 to 3.5) | + 7.6 (6.1 to 9.1) | + 9.4 (7.4 to 11.5) | + 6.0 (4.8 to 7.2) |
| Covariates | ||||
| - Age > 75 y | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.1) | 0.0 (‒0.0 to 0.1) | 0.0 (‒0.1 to 0.1) | 0.0 (‒0.1 to 0.1) |
| - Female | 0.1 (‒0.8 to 1.0) | 0.1 (‒0.9 to 1.0) | ‒0.4 (‒1.3 to 0.6) | ‒0.6 (‒1.6 to 0.4) |
| - Any education | ‒2.1 (‒3.4 to ‒0.8) | ‒2.9 (‒4.3 to ‒1.4) | ‒2.4 (‒3.9 to ‒0.9) | ‒3.2 (‒4.7 to ‒1.7) |
| - Fully paid | ‒1.0 (‒1.8 to ‒0.1) | ‒1.0 (‒1.9 to 0.0) | ‒0.8 (‒1.8 to 0.1) | ‒1.1 (‒2.1 to 0.0) |
| - Diabetes | 0.5 (‒0.4 to 1.4) | 0.3 (‒0.7 to 1.3) | 0.2 (‒0.8 to 1.2) | 0.3 (‒0.8 to 1.4) |
| - Depression | 4.6 (3.6 to 5.6) | 5.1 (4.0 to 6.2) | 5.5 (4.3 to 6.7) | 6.2 (5.0 to 7.3) |
| Factor 2: Visual Symptoms | ||||
| Baseline (intercept) | 10.3 (7.9 to 12.7) | 10.6 (8.1 to 13.1) | 11.5 (9.0 to 13.9) | 11.0 (8.6 to 13.3) |
| Mean score change | + 1.1 (0.2 to 2.0) | + 2.2 (1.4 to 3.0) | + 1.9 (0.8 to 3.0) | + 1.7 (1.1 to 2.3) |
| Covariates | ||||
| - Age > 75 y | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0) |
| - Female | ‒0.1 (‒0.7 to 0.4) | ‒0.1 (‒0.7 to 0.4) | ‒0.2 (‒0.7 to 0.3) | ‒0.3 (‒0.8 to 0.2) |
| - Any education | ‒1.0 (‒1.8 to ‒0.2) | ‒1.3 (‒2.1 to ‒0.5) | ‒1.1 (‒1.9 to ‒0.3) | ‒1.1 (‒1.9 to ‒0.4) |
| - Fully paid home | ‒0.7 (‒1.3 to ‒0.2) | ‒0.8 (‒1.3 to ‒0.2) | ‒0.6 (‒1.1 to ‒0.1) | ‒0.8 (‒1.3 to ‒0.3) |
| - Diabetes | 0.6 (0.0 to 1.1) | 0.4 (‒0.1 to 1.0) | 0.5 (‒0.1 to 1.0) | 0.4 (‒0.1 to 0.9) |
| - Depression | 2.8 (2.2 to 3.4) | 3.0 (2.4 to 3.7) | 3.0 (2.4 to 3.7) | 3.1 (2.5 to 3.7) |
Those with severe VI 2’ URE (n = 1) were omitted from analysis. Subsequent URE n = 61 (rather than URE n = 62, as in Table 1).
Other causes including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and posterior capsule opacification.
Factor 1 out of a possible 73 points; factor 2 out of a possible 26 points.
Baseline (intercept): expected score for those without any visual impairment.
All results held constant for: age (reference < 75), female (reference male), any education (reference none), independently paid housing (referenced subsidized), depression (reference none), and diabetes (reference none).
Significant covariates displayed in bold.
Unstandardized partial regression coefficients shown.