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. 2020 Sep 1;9(18):e017404. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017404

Figure 1. Nucleotides and adenosine regulation in pulmonary hypertension.

Figure 1

Homeostasis between extracellular nucleotides and adenosine is governed by ectonucleotidases, including nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (CD39), ecto‐5’‐nucleotidase (CD73), nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP), and adenosine deaminase. CD39 phosphohydrolyzes ATP and ADP to AMP, which is dephosphorylated to adenosine by CD73. Adenosine can be further degraded by adenosine deaminase to inosine. In pulmonary hypertension, CD39 is downregulated and adenosine deaminase is upregulated, resulting in low adenosine levels in the pulmonary vasculature (generated by Biorender).