Table 4.
Participants’ mean scores on body appreciation, self-esteem, and drive for leanness, thinness, and muscularity (N = 267)
| Variable | Veiled Muslim women (n = 70) | Unveiled Muslim women (n = 50) | Christian women (n = 79) | Atheist women (n = 68) | Analysis of variance | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | df | p | ηp2 | |
| Body appreciatione | 3.83c,d | 0.73 | 3.55 | 0.77 | 3.33a | 0.75 | 3.38a | 0.71 | 6.36 | 3 | < .001** | 0.07 |
| Self-esteemf | 23.43 | 5.54 | 22.38 | 5.98 | 22.82 | 5.72 | 21.21 | 6.36 | 1.71 | 3 | .165 | 0.20 |
| Drive for leannessg | 16.02c,d | 5.31 | 16.75c,d | 5.31 | 19.77a,b | 5.50 | 19.65a,b | 5.71 | 8.23 | 3 | < .001** | 0.09 |
| Drive for thinnessg | 2.56 | 1.22 | 2.86 | 1.41 | 3.04 | 1.34 | 2.85 | 1.24 | 1.66 | 3 | .176 | 0.02 |
| Drive for muscularityg | 1.85 | 0.58 | 1.89 | 0.60 | 2.01 | 0.65 | 1.99 | 0.62 | 1.06 | 3 | .368 | 0.01 |
**p < .001; *p < .05
aDiffer significantly from veiled Muslim women (p < .05)
bDiffer significantly from unveiled Muslim women (p < .05)
cDiffer significantly from Christian women (p < .05)
dDiffer significantly from atheist women (p < .05)
eFour veiled Muslim women, one unveiled Muslim woman, and two atheist women were not included in the analysis because of missing data
fTwo veiled Muslim women, three unveiled Muslim women, three Christian women, and one atheist woman were not included in the analysis because of missing data
gFive veiled Muslim women, three unveiled Muslim women, and two Christian women were not included in the analysis because of missing data