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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 7.
Published in final edited form as: Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2020 Dec 7;22(46):26652–26668. doi: 10.1039/d0cp04848h

Table 2.

Modes of Proton Mobility and Electron Mobility.

The Variety of Electron and Proton Transport in Proteins and Membranes
• Electron tunneling – max range about 11-14 Å
• Proton tunneling – max range about 1 Å
• Electron transport on mobile carrier • Proton transport on mobile carrier
• Proton transport on amino acid sidechain
• Proton transport by diffusion on water (H2O as carrier)
• Grotthuss Process53 – fast proton transfer along chains of water molecules, also in combination with amino acid sidechains (Bucket Brigade Mechanism)