Table 1.

CAR-Treg-based therapy in preclinical models of autoimmune diseases.

Condition	Target antigen	CAR-construct	Delivery route	Preclinical study	Dosage of CAR-Tregs	Overall outcomes	Year [Ref]
Type 1 diabetes	Insulin	CAR-Treg cells (insulin scFv, CD28, CD3ζ)	Retroviral	BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, and non-obese diabetic (NOD/LtJ) mic	25×105	The study showed successful treatment of CAR-Tregs without affecting the general immune competence of the recipient.	2019 (101)
Ulcerative colitis	Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)	CEA CAR-Tregs (SCA431 scFv, CD28, CD3ζ)	Retroviral	CEABAC-2 and CEABAC-mice (n=10)	15–30 × 105	In general, CAR-Tregs were successfully tested in two distinct complementary model systems, indicating the viability of CAR-Treg-based treatment.	2014 (102)
Multiple sclerosis	Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein	MOG CAR-Tregs (MOG scFv, CD28, CD3ζ	Lentiviral	Female C57BL/6 mice	1 × 105	CAR-Tregs targeting myelin localized to the CNS efficiently suppressed ongoing inflammation and alleviated disease symptoms.	2012 (103)