Table 2.

CAR-T-based therapy in preclinical models of autoimmune diseases.

Condition	Target antigen	CAR-construct	Delivery Route	Preclinical Study	Dosage of CAR-T cells	Overall Outcomes	Year [Ref]
Type 1 diabetes	I-Ag7-B:9–23(R3) complex	CD8+ CAR-T cells. (mAb287 scFv,4-1BB, CD28, CD3ζ)	Retroviral	Female NOD/LtJ, Thy1.1 NOD, and NOD.SCID mice	5 ×106	CAR-T cells can selectively target pathogenic MHC class II: peptide complex relevant to an autoimmune disorder. The study only delayed type 1 diabetes mice and did not prevent the development of T1D.	2019 (111)
Pemphigus vulgaris	Keratinocyte adhesion protein Dsg3	Dsg3 CAAR-T (Dsg3, CD137-CD3ζ)	NA	Mice bearing human skin xenografts, NSG (NOD-scid-gamma) immunodeficient mouse	NA	CAAR-T cells demonstrated a targeted-based therapy against antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases with the potential generation of long-term memory.	2016 (112)
Systemic lupus erythematosus	CD19	CD19 CAR-T cells (CD19 scFv, CD28 and two intracellular signaling domains, CD28, CD3ζ	Retroviral	Female NZB/W or MRL-lpr mice	1.2×106	CD19+ B cells depletion led to inhibition of auto-antibody production, and mitigated the manifestations of lupus pathogenesis, and increased the lifespans of mice	2019 (110)