Table 2.
Bioactivity of alkaloids against other viruses besides the coronavirus.
| Alkaloid | Type of Virus/Cell Lines | Concentration/Dose | Antiviral Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homoharringtonine | VZV/HFF cells HBV/HepG2 2.2.15 cells Echovirus 1/RPE cells VSV/HEK293T cells HSV1/Vero cells |
10 ng/mL 0.03 μM 2 μM 0.12 μM 50 nM 139 nM |
Down-regulation of VZV lytic gene transcripts Induces a 50% inhibition in HBsAg release Induces a 50% inhibition in HBV-DNA release Inhibit echovirus replication Inhibits the late stage of vesicular stomatitis virus replication Inhibits 50% of HSV1 replication |
[34] [35] [36] [37] |
| Tylophorine | HCV | 0.06 μM | Reduced replication of the HCV through inhibition of Cyclin A2 | [69] |
| Fangchinoline | HIV1/MT-4, PM1, and human embryonic kidney cell line 293T cells | 0.8 to 1.7 μM | Inhibits HIV1 replication by interfering with gp160 proteolytic processing | [57] |
| Lycorine | DV-2/A549 cells ZV/Vero, Huh7, and A549 cells RD cells HCV/Huh 7.5 cells Avian influenza H5N1 virus/GD178 and MDCK cells EV-71 H/Vero cells Coxsackievirus A16/Vero cells |
0.8 μM 0.22 to 0.39 μM 0.058 μg/mL 0.316 μM 0.52 μM 2.04 μM 3.2 μM |
Inhibits 50% of envelope protein production Inhibits 50% of ZV protein and envelope biosynthesis Inhibits 50% of virus replication Reduces HCV replication by 50% through suppresses the expression of Hsc70 Reduces the expression of viral proteins Inhibits 50% of virus replication Inhibits 50% of virus replication |
[41] [42] [43] [44] [47] [46] |
| Indigo | JEV/BHK-21 cells | 37.5 μg/ml | Inhibits 50% of virus replication | [74] |
| Tetrandrine | DV/A549 cells Ebolavirus/human macrophages HSV/BALB/c mice |
1–10 μM 8 μM 15 mg/kg (i.p.) |
Inhibited the DNA binding activity of NF-κB induced by DV and suppressed viral production Inhibited the infection of human macrophages by Ebolavirus Inhibited keratitis induced by HSV-I |
[60] [61] [62] |
| Cepharanthine | HIV1/Molt-4 T cell line | 5–20 μg/mL | Inhibited the entry of the virus by reducing the fluidity of the plasma membrane | [58] |
| Cepharanthine hydrochloride | HBV/HepG2 cells | 2.14 μM 31.89 μM |
Inhibited the virus replication Inhibited HBeAg production |
[63] |