Table 1.
Summary of peripheral glycolysis studies in neurodegenerative disease.
| Study | Glycolysis Rate | Glycolytic Enzymatic Change | Disease Type | Cell Type | Number of Participants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bell et al., 2020 [6] | (−) (↓ Glycolytic Capacity) |
Not Assessed | sAD | Fibroblast | 10 sAD 10 Controls |
| Sonntag et al., 2017 [8] | ↑ | ↑ LDH ↑ PFKFB3 (gene expression) |
sAD | Fibroblast | 10 AD 13 Young Controls 7 Old Controls |
| Sorbi et al., 1995 [29] | ↓ | Not assessed | sAD fAD |
Fibroblast | 7 fAD 19 sAD 20 Controls |
| Allen et al., 2014 [85] | ↑ | Not assessed | fALS (SOD1) | Fibroblast | 3 Controls 3 SOD1 |
| Allen et al., 2015 [84] | ↑ | Not assessed | sALS | Fibroblast | 6 sALS 10 Controls |
| Raman et al., 2015 [86] | ↓ after complex I inhibition | (-) PGK1 | sALS | Fibroblast | 11 sALS 15 Controls |
| Konrad et al., 2017 [7] | ↑ | Not assessed | sALS | Fibroblast | 91 controls 171 sALS |
| Sorbi et al., 1990 [31] | Not assessed | ↓ HK (in fAD), (-) PFK, (-) LDH |
sAD & fAD | Fibroblast Leukocyte |
5 Controls, 5 sAD, and 5 fAD (Leukocytes) 8 Controls, 6 fAD (Fibroblasts) |
| Sims et al., 1985 [30] | ↑ | Not assessed | sAD fAD |
Fibroblast | 6 AD 6 Controls |
| Sims et al., 1986 [32] | Not assessed | (-) PFK | sAD | Fibroblast | 8 Controls 8 sAD |
| Deus et al., 2020 [60] | ↓ | Not assessed | sPD | Fibroblast | 5 Control 5 sPD All male |
| Milanese et al., 2019 [59] | Not assessed, theorises ↑ | Not assessed | sPD | Fibroblast | 21 Controls 47 sPD |
| Zanellati et al., 2015 [54] | No change | Not assessed | PARK2 mutant PD | Fibroblast | 4 Controls 4 fPD |
| Requejo-Aguilar et al., 2014 [63] | ↑ glycolysis and glucose uptake | ↑ GLUT1, HK-2, PDK1 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase protein and mRNA, ↑ GLUT3 mRNA |
PINK1 -/- Mice | Fibroblast (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) | |
| Ambrosi et al., 2014 [57] | No change | sPD | Fibroblast | 7 Controls 11 sPD |
|
| Kaminsky et al., 2013 [33] | ↑ | ↑ HK, ↑ PFK, ↑ bisphosphoglycerate mutase ↑ bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase | sAD Non-AD dementia |
RBC | 12 AD 13 non-AD 14 Aged matched controls 14 Young Controls |
| Carelli-Alinovi et al., 2019 [34] | ↑ | Not assessed | Controls exposed to Aβ | RBC | Not mentioned |
| Khansari et al., 1984 [46] | Not directly assessed, ↑ glucose uptake | Not assessed | sAD | B-Lymphocytes T-Lymphocytes |
12 sAD 16 Controls |
| Pansarasa et al., 2018 [106] | ↓ | Not assessed | sALS fALS (SOD1, TDP-43, FUS) |
Lymphoblastoid cell lines | 4 Controls 4 sALS 3 SOD1 2 TDP-43 2-FUS |
| Smith et al., 2018 [69] | ↑ | ↓ PDK1 and LDHB | PD | Lymphocytes and Monocytes | 14 Controls 15 PD 13 RBD |
| Yao et al., 2011 [66] | No change | PINK1 -/- Mice | Muscle | ||
| Steyn et al., 2020 [89] | ↓ | Not assessed | Muscle | ||
| Dodge et al., 2013 [96] | ↑ | Not assessed | Mice with SOD1 | Muscle and Liver | 12 Controls 11 SOD1 |
| Palamiuc et al., 2015 [95] | Not assessed | ↑ PDK4, ↑ phospho-GS (gene expression) | Mice with SOD1 | Muscle | 10 Controls 13 SOD1 |
| Marini et al., 2020 [97] | ↓ PFK | Mice with SOD1 | Muscle | 15 Controls 15 SOD1 |
This table displays the glycolysis changes seen in each of the 3 neurodegenerative diseases reviewed in this Article and cell types that the glycolysis change was seen in. The table displays enzyme changes and the number of cell lines in each article. Abbreviations: sAD sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, fAD familial Alzheimer’s disease, sPD sporadic Parkinson’s disease, sALS sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis, RBC Red blood cells, PFK phosphofructokinase HK Hexokinase, PDK pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase kinase. ↑ indicates and increase, ↓ indicates a decrease, and (-) indicates no change.