Table 2.
Bivariate association between income groups and other predictor variables.
| Variables | Income Groups | χ2 | p-Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B40 | M40 | T20 | ||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Age Groups | 279.74 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Less than 20 | 511 | 71.2 | 186 | 25.9 | 21 | 2.9 | ||
| 20–39 | 3424 | 69.5 | 1245 | 25.3 | 261 | 5.3 | ||
| 40–59 | 5147 | 75.8 | 1420 | 20.9 | 221 | 3.3 | ||
| 60 and above | 3660 | 83.7 | 598 | 13.7 | 117 | 2.7 | ||
| Ethnicity | 57.2 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Malay | 8761 | 77.0 | 2219 | 19.5 | 399 | 3.5 | ||
| Chinese | 1147 | 72.4 | 382 | 24.1 | 56 | 3.5 | ||
| Indians | 2508 | 72.7 | 796 | 23.1 | 148 | 4.3 | ||
| Others | 304 | 84.9 | 49 | 13.7 | 5 | 1.4 | ||
| Marital Status | 269.9 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Single | 2076 | 66.9 | 858 | 27.6 | 171 | 5.5 | ||
| Married | 9014 | 76.4 | 2379 | 20.2 | 408 | 3.5 | ||
| Separated/Divorced | 257 | 83.2 | 40 | 12.9 | 12 | 3.9 | ||
| Widow | 1272 | 87.5 | 156 | 10.7 | 25 | 1.7 | ||
| Other | 123 | 86.6 | 15 | 10.6 | 4 | 2.8 | ||
| Gender | 40.5 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Male | 5537 | 73.6 | 1652 | 22.0 | 330 | 4.4 | ||
| Female | 7205 | 77.5 | 1797 | 19.3 | 290 | 3.1 | ||
| Employment Status | 793.7 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Housewife/House Husband | 4087 | 84.0 | 679 | 14.0 | 98 | 2.0 | ||
| Not Working | 1757 | 85.1 | 278 | 13.5 | 30 | 1.5 | ||
| Paid Employment | 3595 | 63.7 | 1703 | 30.2 | 347 | 6.1 | ||
| Pensioners | 727 | 79.8 | 156 | 17.1 | 28 | 3.1 | ||
| Self Employed | 2126 | 79.5 | 461 | 17.2 | 86 | 3.2 | ||
| Others | 389 | 67.1 | 160 | 27.6 | 31 | 5.3 | ||
| Education Status | 609.4 | <0.001 | ||||||
| No Education | 381 | 89.6 | 38 | 8.9 | 6 | 1.4 | ||
| Primary | 4309 | 83.8 | 728 | 14.2 | 106 | 2.1 | ||
| Secondary | 6704 | 73.7 | 2025 | 22.3 | 372 | 4.1 | ||
| Tertiary | 733 | 54.2 | 514 | 38.0 | 106 | 7.8 | ||
| Other | 382 | 82.3 | 67 | 14.4 | 15 | 3.2 | ||
| Depression | 189.5 | <0.001 | ||||||
| None | 10,602 | 77.3 | 2663 | 19.4 | 453 | 3.3 | ||
| Mild/Moderate | 1577 | 71.5 | 540 | 24.5 | 90 | 4.1 | ||
| Severe/Extremely Severe | 443 | 59.5 | 225 | 30.2 | 77 | 10.3 | ||
| Stress | 232.4 | <0.001 | ||||||
| None | 11,899 | 77.2 | 3019 | 19.6 | 505 | 3.3 | ||
| Mild/Moderate | 612 | 58.2 | 346 | 32.9 | 93 | 8.8 | ||
| Severe/Extremely Severe | 208 | 66.9 | 81 | 26.0 | 22 | 7.1 | ||
| Anxiety | 241.1 | <0.001 | ||||||
| None | 10,003 | 77.1 | 2543 | 19.6 | 436 | 3.4 | ||
| Mild/Moderate | 1969 | 76.9 | 516 | 20.1 | 77 | 3.0 | ||
| Severe/Extremely Severe | 666 | 58.2 | 372 | 32.5 | 107 | 9.3 | ||
| Heart Disease | ||||||||
| Yes | 380 | 81.5 | 73 | 15.7 | 13 | 2.8 | 7.7 | <0.05 |
| No | 11,996 | 76.0 | 3227 | 20.4 | 564 | 3.6 | ||
| Stroke | ||||||||
| Yes | 121 | 83.4 | 21 | 14.5 | 3 | 2.1 | ||
| No | 12,254 | 76.0 | 3299 | 20.5 | 575 | 3.6 | ||
| Asthma | 13.2 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Yes | 499 | 81.9 | 98 | 16.1 | 12 | 2.0 | ||
| No | 11,884 | 75.8 | 3226 | 20.6 | 569 | 3.6 | ||
| Urinary Tract Disease | 0.085 | >0.10 | ||||||
| Yes | 99 | 76.7 | 26 | 20.2 | 4 | 3.1 | ||
| No | 12,237 | 76.1 | 3274 | 20.4 | 572 | 3.6 | ||
| Kidney Disease | 1.88 | >0.10 | ||||||
| Yes | 78 | 71.6 | 25 | 22.9 | 6 | 5.5 | ||
| No | 12,225 | 76.1 | 3267 | 20.3 | 563 | 3.5 | ||
| Arthritis | 19.1 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Yes | 1151 | 80.1 | 258 | 18.0 | 28 | 1.9 | ||
| No | 11,177 | 75.7 | 3035 | 20.6 | 547 | 3.7 | ||
Note: χ2—Chi-square value, B40—bottom 40% income group, M40—middle 40% income group, T20—top 20% income group. B40 income group are individuals with monthly household income below RM 3860, M40 income group are those with monthly household income between RM 3860 and RM 8319 and T20 income group are classified as those with monthly household income greater than RM 8319.