Table 3.
Fitted estimates by means of generalized linear model.
| Variable | QOL Domains | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 Physical |
Model 2 Psychological |
Model 3 Social |
Model 4 Environmental |
|||||
| β | S.E. | β | S.E. | β | S.E. | β | S.E. | |
| Age Group (years) | ||||||||
| Less than 20 | 1.62 *** | 0.61 | 2.89 *** | 0.66 | 3.24 *** | 0.87 | 1.74 *** | 0.67 |
| 20–39 | 1.29 *** | 0.34 | 1.54 *** | 0.36 | 2.92 *** | 0.45 | 0.92 ** | 0.37 |
| 40–59 | 1.34 ** | 0.26 | 0.96 *** | 0.27 | 1.84 *** | 0.35 | 0.66 ** | 0.29 |
| 60 and above | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Malay | 1.79 *** | 0.24 | 2.00 *** | 0.28 | 2.00 *** | 0.32 | 0.61 ** | 0.29 |
| Indian | 0.82 ** | 0.32 | 2.15 *** | 0.37 | 0.95 ** | 0.41 | 0.73 * | 0.38 |
| Others | −0.77 | 0.58 | −2.19 *** | 0.62 | −2.64 *** | 0.79 | −5.65 *** | 0.66 |
| Chinese | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | −0.02 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.27 |
| Female | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Married | −0.76 ** | 0.31 | 0.50 | 0.34 | 2.45 *** | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.35 |
| Separated/Divorced | −2.46 *** | 0.65 | −0.60 | 0.71 | −0.83 | 1.14 | −1.48 ** | 0.73 |
| Widow | −2.43 *** | 0.45 | −0.92 * | 0.48 | −0.21 | 0.69 | −1.57 *** | 0.49 |
| Others | −6.51 *** | 0.53 | 0.78 | 0.66 | −2.87 | 2.49 | −2.44 *** | 0.66 |
| Single | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Income Groups | ||||||||
| M40 | 2.59 *** | 0.24 | 2.76 *** | 0.26 | 2.38 *** | 0.29 | 3.24 *** | 0.26 |
| T20 | 6.97 *** | 0.54 | 3.90 *** | 0.61 | 3.48 *** | 0.73 | 5.97 *** | 0.64 |
| B40 | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Education Level | ||||||||
| Primary | 2.68 *** | 0.59 | 3.73 *** | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 4.04 *** | 0.69 |
| Secondary | 2.22 *** | 0.61 | 4.09 *** | 0.71 | 1.15 | 0.80 | 4.29 *** | 0.70 |
| Tertiary | 1.08 | 0.69 | 4.32 *** | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.91 | 4.52 *** | 0.80 |
| Other | 0.70 | 0.74 | 3.15 *** | 0.85 | 0.46 | 1.04 | 4.16 *** | 0.88 |
| No Formal Education | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Employment Status | ||||||||
| Not Working | −1.23 *** | 0.35 | −1.27 *** | 0.38 | −1.69 *** | 0.49 | −2.25 *** | 0.40 |
| Paid Employment | 1.43 *** | 0.29 | 1.08 *** | 0.31 | 0.72 * | 0.37 | 0.77 ** | 0.32 |
| Pensioners/Pensions | 0.16 | 0.42 | −1.80 *** | 0.51 | 0.16 | 0.60 | −1.31 ** | 0.51 |
| Self Employed | 1.15 *** | 0.34 | 1.00 *** | 0.34 | 1.19 *** | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.36 |
| Others | 3.13 *** | 0.72 | 2.46 *** | 0.75 | 2.37 ** | 1.01 | 2.42 *** | 0.75 |
| Housewives | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Diagnosed Chronic Diseases | ||||||||
| Heart Disease | ||||||||
| Yes | −0.56 | 0.59 | −1.87 *** | 0.59 | −2.11 *** | 0.76 | −0.95 | 0.61 |
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Asthma | ||||||||
| Yes | −2.34 *** | 0.46 | −0.90 * | 0.49 | −1.79 *** | 0.62 | −1.72 *** | 0.51 |
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Stroke | ||||||||
| Yes | −6.55 *** | 1.05 | −4.72 *** | 1.17 | −5.34 *** | 1.49 | −4.54 *** | 1.13 |
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Arthritis | ||||||||
| Yes | −1.07 *** | 0.34 | −1.89 *** | 0.37 | −3.04 *** | 0.45 | −1.99 *** | 0.37 |
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Urinary Tract Disease | ||||||||
| Yes | −2.81 ** | 1.06 | −2.06 * | 1.15 | −0.72 | 1.41 | −1.67 | 1.25 |
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Kidney Disease | ||||||||
| Yes | −3.34 *** | 1.04 | −3.28 *** | 1.19 | −6.39 *** | 1.65 | −3.90 *** | 1.28 |
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Depression | ||||||||
| Mild/moderate | 0.64 | 0.42 | −2.56 *** | 0.46 | −3.17 *** | 0.55 | 0.05 | 0.46 |
| Severe/Extremely Severe | −5.38 *** | 1.35 | −7.58 *** | 1.44 | −7.36 *** | 1.61 | −6.11 *** | 1.37 |
| None | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Stress | ||||||||
| Moderate/Mild | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.01 | 0.80 | −1.24 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.76 |
| Severe/Extremely Severe | 0.57 | 2.22 | −5.06** | 2.31 | −2.14 | 2.54 | 0.17 | 2.12 |
| None | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| Mild/Moderate | 0.96 *** | 0.33 | −3.29 *** | 0.37 | −1.88 *** | 0.46 | −2.86 *** | 0.37 |
| Severe/Extremely Severe | 4.02 *** | 0.91 | −1.62 | 0.99 | −3.16 *** | 1.11 | −0.83 | 0.95 |
| None | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Constant | 55.51 *** | 0.70 | 65.26 *** | 0.81 | 66.17 *** | 0.95 | 61.17 *** | 0.82 |
Note: ***, **, * represent significance at 1%, 5% and 10% significance level, respectively; Models 1, 2, 3 and 4 represent the environmental, physical, social and psychological domains, respectively; ref—reference category, β—coefficient; S.E—standard error.