Table 3. Least square means of echocardiographic traits by BMI category, hypertension status, and diabetes status (modeled jointly), adjusted for age, sex, and cohort.
| Echo Parameter | BMI Category | Healthy | DM, no HTN | HTN, no DM | HTN and DM | P-Value for 3-way interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVM (g) | Normal | 140.7 | 141.5 | 150.7 | 140.7 | 0.0042 |
| Overweight | 155.1 | 160.4 | 163.2 | 169.7 | ||
| Obese | 168.6 | 193.5 | 179.8 | 187.3 | ||
| LASD, cm | Normal | 3.51 | 3.50 | 3.60 | 3.69 | 0.31 |
| Overweight | 3.76 | 3.79 | 3.82 | 3.97 | ||
| Obese | 3.98 | 4.21 | 4.06 | 4.18 | ||
| LVEF, % | Normal | 65.43 | 65.76 | 66.84 | 61.96 | 0.0002 |
| Overweight | 65.35 | 66.26 | 66.36 | 64.21 | ||
| Obese | 65.34 | 63.16 | 66.40 | 66.46 | ||
| GLS, % | Normal | -21.1 | -17.7 | -20.3 | -20.7 | 0.0005 |
| Overweight | -20.2 | -19.3 | -19.7 | -19.1 | ||
| Obese | -19.7 | -19.3 | -19.1 | -19.2 | ||
| E/e’ | Normal | 5.60 | 5.77 | 6.09 | 6.41 | 0.25 |
| Overweight | 5.92 | 6.22 | 6.39 | 6.91 | ||
| Obese | 6.36 | 7.30 | 6.68 | 7.23 | ||
| LAEF, % | Normal | 48.1 | 47.1 | 48.0 | 48.5 | 0.0006 |
| Overweight | 48.1 | 47.6 | 47.9 | 46.8 | ||
| Obese | 48.2 | 46.6 | 47.8 | 47.6 |
Least squares means of left ventricular mass (LVM), left atrial systolic dimension (LASD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS), E/e’, and left atrial emptying fraction (LAEF) according to body mass index (BMI) category (normal weight: BMI < 25kg/m2, overweight: 25kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 30kg/m2, obese: BMI ≥ 30kg/m2), hypertension status (HTN), and diabetes status (DM). All models are adjusted for cohort, age, and sex.
P-Value <0.05 was considered significant for interaction terms.