Fig 3. A global network illustrating disease manifestations associated with human coronavirus.

(A) The target human proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are connected to the disease-associated proteins. Blue links (edges) indicate physical protein–protein interactions. For SARS-CoV-2, its viral proteins are shown by light red nodes. The target human proteins (blue) of the viruses are intricately connected to the disease-associated proteins (green). Human disease nodes are colored by different disease categories: autoimmune, cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, and pulmonary. (B) Estimation of the pooled risk ratio using random effects meta-analysis for 10 comorbidities between patients with severe versus non-severe COVID-19. The tau² and I² statistics were calculated to quantify the heterogeneity among studies. I² ≤ 50% was considered as low heterogeneity among studies, 50% < I² ≤ 75% was considered as moderate heterogeneity, and I² > 75% was considered as high heterogeneity. The data underlying this figure can be found in S2 Data. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PPI, protein–protein interaction.