Table 1.

Summary of the included studies.

Author	Type of Study	Level of Evidence	N (Titanium Foils)	Type of Defect	Filling Material	Membrane Removal (Months)	Bone Gain (mm)	Membrane Exposure (%)	Infection (%)
Kfir et al., 2007 [19]	Case series	Level 3	15	Post-extraction socket	PRF or PRF + TCP + HAP	NS	NS	47%	0%
Bassi et al., 2016 [22]	Case series	Level 3	13	HV	Allograft	6.35 ± 2.15	5.9 ± 2.1 V; 8.9 ± 3.5 H	38.5%	0%
Maeda et al., 2020 [25]	Case series	Level 3	15	H	Xenograft	21 days	8.02 ± 2.43 (P1); 8.71 ± 2.26 (P2); 9.00 ± 2.52 (P3)	100% (intentionally exposed)	0%
Perret et al., 2019 [26]	Case series	Level 3	6	HV	Xenograft	4	7.3 ± 2.2 (P1) 4.2 ± 1.2 (P2) V; 2.3 ± 1.0 H	100% (intentionally exposed)	0%
Engelke et al., 2014 [28]	Case report	Level 3	2	1HV; 1H	β-Tricalcium phosphate	3; NS	NS	0%	0%
Molly et al., 2006 [24]	Retrospective study	Level 2	11	HV	Blood clot	9–17	NS	45.5%	NS
Toygar et al., 2009 [27]	RCT	Level 2	16	Periodontal Intrabony Defect	Blood clot	1–1.5	NS	43.75%	NS
Gaggl et al., 1999 [31]	Case series	Level 3	42	Peri-implant Defect	Autograft + xenograft	NS	4.5 ± 0.2	21.43%	11.90%
Beltrán et al., 2013 [30]	Case report	Level 3	1	H	Xenograft	7	4 mm	0%	0%
Beltrán et al., 2014 [29]	Case series	Level 3	5	H	Allograft	6	2.3 (P1); 2.7 (P2); 2.9 (P3)	0%	0%
Khanna et al., 2016 [37]	RCT	Level 2	12	Periodontal Intrabony Defect	Blood clot	5–6 weeks	54.69% defect fill	33.33%	0%
Pinho et al., 2006 [38]	RCT	Level 2	10	Post-extraction socket	Blood clot (CS); autograft (TS)	Maximum 6 months	8.80 ± 2.93 (C); 8.40 ± 3.35 (T)	50%	0%
Watzinger et al., 2000 [39]	Case series	Level 3	112	Different type defects	Autograft and/or hydroxyapatite	4.6	NS	30%	NS

Abbreviations: C, control; CS, control socket; H, horizontal; HAP, hydroxyapatite; HV, horizontal and vertical; NS, not specified; P, point; PRF, platelet-rich fibrin; RCT, randomized clinical trial; T, test; TCP, tricalcium phosphate; TS, test socket; V, vertical.