Table 2.
Socio-demographic characteristics of counties within spatial clusters representing bivariate associations between COVID-19 incidence rate and cumulative respiratory risk from hazardous air pollutants.
| Variables | Cont. USA Mean |
Groups means |
Non High-High Mean | High-High vs Non High-High |
High-High vs Low-Low |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High-High | Low-Low | Low-High | High-Low | Not Sig. | Mean Diff | P-value | Mean Diff | P-value | |||
| % White (non-Hispanic) | 76.8 | 60.0 | 85.5 | 70.3 | 83.3 | 78.2 | 79.5 | −19.5 | <0.001 | −25.5 | <0.001 |
| % Hispanic | 9.3 | 6.6 | 8.8 | 10.1 | 8.5 | 10.3 | 9.7 | −3.1 | <0.001 | −2.1 | <0.01 |
| % Black (non-Hispanic) | 9.0 | 29.8 | 1.6 | 13.7 | 1.1 | 7.0 | 5.7 | 24.1 | <0.001 | 28.2 | <0.001 |
| % American Indian (non-Hispanic) | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 4.5 | 0.9 | 1.6 | −0.8 | <0.001 | −0.7 | <0.01 |
| % Asian (non-Hispanic) | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.3 | −0.3 | <0.01 | 0.3 | <0.01 |
| % Other (non-Hispanic non-White) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.164 | 0.1 | <0.01 |
| Socioeconomic deprivation index | 0.0 | 0.9 | −0.5 | 0.4 | −0.6 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.4 | <0.001 |
| % Persons with no high school | 13.4 | 18.5 | 9.6 | 15.3 | 10.4 | 13.8 | 12.6 | 5.9 | <0.001 | 8.9 | <0.001 |
| % Persons speak English “less than well” | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.863 | 0.6 | <0.001 |
| % Persons below poverty | 15.6 | 21.8 | 13.4 | 17.0 | 12.7 | 15.2 | 14.6 | 7.2 | <0.001 | 8.4 | <0.001 |
| % Civilians (age 16+) unemployed | 5.7 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 3.8 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 2.2 | <0.001 | 2.8 | <0.001 |
| % Households with no vehicle available | 6.2 | 7.9 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 4.8 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 2.0 | <0.001 | 2.2 | <0.001 |
| % Persons aged 65 and older | 18.4 | 16.7 | 20.2 | 18.4 | 18.9 | 18.2 | 18.7 | −2.0 | <0.001 | −3.5 | <0.001 |
| % Civilian non-inst. with a disability | 16.0 | 17.4 | 15.5 | 17.3 | 13.1 | 16.3 | 15.7 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 1.9 | <0.001 |
| % Civilian non-inst. with no insurance | 10.0 | 12.7 | 8.2 | 10.6 | 8.9 | 10.0 | 9.6 | 3.2 | <0.001 | 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Population density | 272.9 | 311.3 | 60.1 | 735.5 | 58.3 | 310.1 | 267.0 | 44.2 | 0.641 | 251.2 | <0.05 |
| Number of counties (n) | 3107 | 422 | 444 | 263 | 463 | 1515 | 2685 | ||||
| Percent of counties (%) | 100.0 | 13.6 | 14.3 | 8.5 | 14.9 | 48.8 | 86.4 | ||||
*Based on two-sample t-test of means.