Table 1.
Demographic and biochemical characteristics of participants in the healthy control, pre-DM, and T2DM patient groups.
| Variables | Groups | All P values | Pairwise comparisons | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 524) | Pre-DM (n = 460) | T2DM (n = 460) | P1 | P2 | P3 | ||
| Age (years) | 46.02 ± 13.46 | 53.64 ± 11.94 | 59.10 ± 11.10 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Male/female (n) | 199/325 | 200/260 | 208/252 | — | — | — | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.32 ± 3.87 | 27.10 ± 3.98 | 27.04 ± 3.76 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
| SBP (mm/Hg) | 122.80 ± 12.64 | 126.03 ± 12.01 | 130.92 ± 12.52 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm/Hg) | 74.68 ± 9.09 | 76.41 ± 8.72 | 77.95 ± 8.57 | <0.001 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.025 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.62 ± 0.91 | 4.94 ± 0.95 | 5.01 ± 1.03 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.803 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.27 ± 0.76 | 1.62 ± 1.06 | 1.88 ± 1.50 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.41 ± 0.31 | 1.30 ± 0.24 | 1.30 ± 0.31 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.85 ± 1.44 | 3.04 ± 0.77 | 2.90 ± 0.82 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 1.000 | 0.171 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.00 ± 0.33 | 5.74 ± 0.58 | 7.86 ± 1.83 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PBG (mmol/L) | 5.54 ± 1.03 | 8.20 ± 1.31 | 12.52 ± 2.76 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| FINS (µU/mL) | 9.66 ± 3.58 | 8.78 ± 3.11 | 7.82 ± 2.76 | <0.001 | <.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Postprandial insulin (µU/m) | 42.18 ± 21.44 | 63.85 ± 22.32 | 47.08 ± 15.89 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.52 ± 0.31 | 5.77 ± 0.40 | 7.34 ± 1.52 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.15 ± 0.83 | 2.24 ± 0.84 | 2.72 ± 1.13 | <0.001 | 0.343 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-B | 136.00 ± 64.31 | 84.13 ± 39.40 | 42.93 ± 24.56 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Values are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Each group was compared by one-way analysis of variance. P values were corrected by a post hoc Bonferroni test. Pre-DM: prediabetes; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; PBG: postprandial blood glucose; FINS: fasting insulin; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR/B: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance/β-cell function. P1: pre-DM vs. controls; P2:T2DM vs. controls; P3:T2DM vs. pre-DM. Table 1 is reproduced from Hou et al. 2020 [48] (under the Creative Commons Attribution License).