Table 3.

Included mixed methods studies.

Study design and author (year)		Data collection method		Target population		Study location		Research questions		Negative implications of personal digital technology		Purpose for digital technology use
Giles-Smith et al (2017)a [43]	Survey, focus groups		94 acute care inpatient medical and surgical nurses		Community hospital and tertiary hospital in Winnipeg, Canada		1. What is the current usage of mobile devices and apps by nurses for direct patient care within the study sites? 2. What are the attitudes of nurses at these study sites toward the use of mobile devices and apps for direct patient care?		Lack of wireless internet Distraction Unsure if allowed to use at work Potential damage or loss of phone Infection control Concern of patient perception of phone Professionalism		Information seeking for clinical use
Planitz et al (2013) [44]	Survey, observation		299 acute care nurses		Various units and wards in a tertiary hospital located in Brisbane, Australia		1. What is the level of actual personal smartphone use by nurses that is occurring within the hospital? 2. What are the attitudes of nurses toward smartphone use at the hospital? 3. Do the benefits of smartphones outweigh the consequences of distractions and occasional misuse? 4. What are the factors influencing whether nurses used smartphones at work? 5. How are nurses using their smartphones at work?		Disruptive		Personal communication purposes Other personal uses

^aTwo-part study: only part 1 relates to the research question.