Table 2.
Lifetime features associated with symptoms worsening or stability during the COVID-19 outbreak.
| Patients reporting symptoms worsening during the COVID-19 outbreak (n = 23) N (%) | Patients reporting symptoms stabilityduring the COVID-19 outbreak (n = 78) N (%) | χ2 | df | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age: mean ± (SD) | 69.78 (4.38) | 73.94 (6.08) | 9.38 | 1 | 0.003* |
| Sex: n (%) | 16 (69.6) | 27 (34.6) | 8.87 | 1 | 0.003* |
| Neurological characteristics | |||||
| Age at onset of motor symptoms: mean ± (SD) | 58.56 (8.62) | 62.75 (9.84) | 3.37 | 1 | 0.069 |
| UPDRS-III: mean ± (SD) | 30.82 (13.22) | 26.54 (11.83) | 2.19 | 1 | 0.14 |
| H & Y stage: mean ± (SD) | 3.13 (0.99) | 2.81 (0.94) | 1.96 | 1 | 0.16 |
| Subjective worsening of neurological symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak: n (%) | 18 (84.6) | 12 (21.7) | 33.60 | 1 | <0.001* |
| Lifetime type of psychiatric symptoms | |||||
| Depression: n (%) | 17 (73.9) | 44 (56.4) | 2.27 | 1 | 0.13 |
| Apathy/anhedonia: n (%) | 6 (26.1) | 29 (37.2) | 0.96 | 1 | 0.32 |
| Insomnia: n (%) | 13 (56.5) | 54 (69.2) | 1.28 | 1 | 0.25 |
| RBD: n (%) | 9 (39.1) | 28 (35.9) | 0.08 | 1 | 0.77 |
| Irritability: n (%) | 12 (52.2) | 13 (16.7) | 12.02 | 1 | 0.001* |
| ICD: n (%) | 6 (26.1) | 14 (17.9) | 0.74 | 1 | 0.38 |
| Delusions: n (%) | 4 (17.4) | 3 (3.8) | 5.05 | 1 | 0.02* |
| Hallucinations: n (%) | 3 (13.0) | 15 (19.2) | 0.46 | 1 | 0.49 |
| Pharmacological treatment | |||||
| L-DOPA: n (%) | 23 (100) | 73 (93) | 1.55 | 1 | 0.21 |
| IMAO: n (%) | 16 (69.6) | 49 (62.8) | 0.35 | 1 | 0.55 |
| ICOMT: n (%) | 7 (30.4) | 13 (16.7) | 2.12 | 1 | 0.14 |
| Dopamine agonists: n (%) | 11 (47.8) | 33 (42.3) | 0.22 | 1 | 0.63 |
| Antidepressants: n (%) | 8 (34.8) | 27 (34.6) | 0 | 1 | 0.98 |
| Mood stabilizers: n (%) | 1 (4.3%) | 20 (25.6) | 4.89 | 1 | 0.02* |
| Antipsychotics: n (%) | 11 (47.8) | 17 (21.8) | 6.00 | 1 | 0.01* |
χ2, Chi-square tests; df, Degrees of freedom;
*
significant p; UPDRS-III, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale disease severity part III; H & Y stage, Hoehn and Yahr stage; RBD, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorders; ICD, impulse control disorders; L-DOPA, levodopa; IMAO, monoamine oxidase inhibitors; ICOMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase-inhibitors.