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. 2020 Dec 10;10:21657. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78721-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gene cluster, identified in L. plantarum strains that readily utilize GOS. (A) Heatmap displaying the in silico gene-trait matching results based on the association between presence (green) or absence (red) of specific OGs and GOS utilization phenotypes “A” (strain names in bold) and “B” (strain names in normal font). (B) Predicted functions of OGs encoded in the identified operon and flanking genes in reference strain WCFS1. (C) Gene map of the lac operon and flanking genes in reference strain WCFS1 with OGs identified by gene-trait matching (blue), and genes flanking the operon (grey). The lac operon and flanking regions of WCFS1 are conserved in L. plantarum strain NC8, and homologous regions cloned in suicide vector pNZ5319 for disruption of candidate genes by single cross-over events in NC8 are presented in orange boxes for lacS (ΔlacS) and lacA (ΔlacA).