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. 2020 Dec 10;10:21629. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78410-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Elevated levels of blood BHB after subcutaneous administration of BHB. Levels of blood BHB were measured after subcutaneous injection of BHB. BHB concentration significantly increased 10–20 min after injection compared to the one before BHB injection (paired t-test; 10 min: t = − 3.00, df = 8, p = 0.017, 20 min: t = − 3.32, df = 8, p = 0.011), and gradually decreased thereafter. BHB concentration did not significantly increase after PBS injection. The degree of change in BHB was calculated as follows: (the level of BHB at each time point)—(the level of pre-injection BHB). Data are shown using mean value and standard error. Paired t-test was performed to compare blood BHB level at pre-injection and at each time point. n = 9/BHB injection group and n = 8/Vehicle injection group. BHB: beta-hydroxybutyrate, * p < 0.05.