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. 2020 Dec 10;10:21629. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78410-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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BHB alone does not change anxiety-like behavior or locomotor activity. (a) The time spent in the open arms of the EPM is shown. BHB administration did not change the time spent in the open arms (median [IQR]; Veh: 48.7 [0.0–63.8], BHB: 29.2 [0.0–67.7], Mann–Whitney’s U-test; W = 41, p = 0.98). (b) Number of open- arm entries in the EPM is shown. BHB administration did not change the number of open-arm entries (median [IQR]; Veh: 60.0 [0.0–120.0], BHB: 23.1 [0.0–120.0], Mann–Whitney’s U-test; W = 44.5, p = 0.74). (c) Distance traveled in the OFT is shown. BHB treatment did not change distance traveled (median [IQR]; Veh: 132.1 [65.9–141.5], BHB: 45.5 [43.8–94.1], Mann–Whitney’s U-test; (W = 57, p = 0.16). Data are shown using % of controls. Reference control is the Veh group. The data are presented as scatter plots including median and interquartile range. Mann–Whitney’s U-test was performed to compare two groups. n = 9/group. EPM: elevated plus maze test, OFT: open field test, Veh: Vehicle (PBS), BHB: beta-hydroxybutyrate, n = 9.