Table 1.

Key NPs in GI cancer therapeutics

Composition	Material	Therapeutic agent	Target	Model	Refs.
Inorganic	Silica NP	IDO-inhibitor + oxaliplatin	P	Transgenic Pdx-A-Cre mouse	[164]
		PAX + gemcitabine	P	PANC-A mouse xenograft	[154]
		PAX + curcumin	GC, BD, P	4T1 mouse xenograft	[165]
		Irinotecan	P	Kras-derived PDAC mouse model	[166]
	Selenium	Oridonin + GE11 peptide	GC	Human esophageal cancer cell lines (KYSE-150 and EC9706) and KYSE-150 xenograft mouse model	[167]
Metallic	Gold	Doxorubicin + VARLITINIB	P	Cancer line S2-013s	[32]
		HER-2 siRNA	GC	MFC-derived tumors bearing mice	[152]
Natural	Albumin	PAX + gemcitabine	BD/P/G	Applied in Clinics	[168]
		Hyaluronic acid coated, load: celastrol + A-Methyl-Tryptophan	P	C57BL/6 mice xenograft model	[141]
	Chitosan-PLGA	Docetaxel + elacridar	P, GC	A549 adenocarcinoma cell culture	[169]
	Alginate	Liquid alginate	GC	Clinical trial for pre-cancerous Barrett’s esophagus	[170]
Polymeric	PLGA	PAX-oncoGel	P	Porcine pancreas in vivo, phase I clinical trial	[171]
		Docetaxel + LY294002	GC	Orthotopic GC—and xenograft mouse model	[172]
		5-fluoroucil + PAX	GC	In vitro and Ex vivo sLeA cells	[173]
Liposome	Phospholipid	IDO-inhibitor + oxaliplatin	P	Syngeneic mice	[164]

P pancreas, BD bile duct, GC gastric/esophageal