Table 2.
Participants’ scores across the outcome variables.
| Psychological questionnaire | MOH patients Mean ± SD | Healthy controls Mean ± SD | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| DERS (total score) | 91.64 ± 26.03 | 73.31 ± 18.34 | p < 0.001 |
| DERS (subscore nonaccept) | 16.65 ± 7.09 | 13.1 ± 5.96 | p = 0.01 |
| DERS (subscore goals) | 14.87 ± 4.91 | 12.95 ± 5.16 | p = 0.066 |
| DERS (subscore impulse) | 13.22 ± 5.85 | 10.54 ± 3.94 | p = 0.01 |
| DERS (subscore aware) | 15.62 ± 4.38 | 13.31 ± 4.46 | p = 0.01 |
| DERS (subscore strategies) | 19.62 ± 8.06 | 14 ± 5.31 | p < 0.001 |
| DERS (subscore clarity) | 11.66 ± 5.21 | 9.29 ± 3.13 | p = 0.008 |
| TAS-20 (total score) | 53.9 ± 14.09 | 46.23 ± 10.7 | p = 0.003 |
| TAS-20 (subscore DIF) | 20.87 ± 7.09 | 15.54 ± 5.7 | p < 0.001 |
| TAS-20 (subscore DDF) | 13.81 ± 4.7 | 13.39 ± 4.31 | p = 0.65 |
| TAS-20 (subscore EOT) | 19.23 ± 5.35 | 17.29 ± 5.05 | p = 0.072 |
| BIS-11 (total score) | 61.85 ± 8.12 | 58.72 ± 10.08 | p = 0.098 |
| BIS-11 (subscore attention) | 16.68 ± 2.52 | 14.93 ± 3.53 | p = 0.006 |
| BIS-11 (subscore no planning) | 22.54 ± 4.17 | 23.62 ± 5.65 | p = 0.062 |
| BIS-11 (subscore motor) | 19.62 ± 3.8 | 20.16 ± 4.27 | p = 0.514 |
| BDI-2 | 18.8 ± 11.4 | 9.9 ± 8.4 | p < 0.001 |
| Trait subset of STAI-Y | 48.92 ± 12.11 | 36.79 ± 12.55 | p < 0.001 |
Note: MOH, Medication Overuse Headache; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; NONACCEPT, non-acceptance of emotional responses; GOALS, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior; IMPULSE, impulse control difficulties; AWARE, lack of emotional awareness; STRATEGIES, limited access to emotion regulation strategies; CLARITY, lack of emotional clarity; TAS-20, Toronto Alexitimia Scale-20 item; DIF, Difficulty Identifying Feeling; DDF, difficulty describing feelings; EOT, externally oriented thinking; BIS, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; BDI-2, Beck Depression Inventory 2; STAI-Y, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.