Table 1.
Demographical data, coagulation data and procedural details
| Pt | Gender | Age (years) | Underlying pathology/anticoagulation | Coagulation profile | Cause | Bleeding vessel | Embolization material | Sheath size/removed | Closure device | Rebleeding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Female | 75 | Warfarin | INR 2.2; PT 19.2; aPTT: 27.8; PLT: 258 K/μL | Spontaneous | Lt Subclavian artery branch | Pushable microcoils (×2) and 300-500 μm microparticles | 6 Fr/same day | Angioseal | No |
| 2 | Male | 83 | Warfarin | INR 2.14; PT 20.3; aPTT: 37.4; PLT: 184 K/μL | Trauma | Right renal artery branch | Gelfoam and pushable microcoils (×3) | 6 Fr/same day | Perclose | No |
| 3 | Female | 70 | Warfarin | INR 4.3; PT 41.1; aPTT: 33.1; PLT: 141 K/μL | Spontaneous | Right inferior epigastric artery | Glue 1:3 | 6 Fr/same day | Starclose | No |
| 4 | Female | 82 | Giant AML (16 cm) rupture | INR 3.5; PT 20.3; aPTT: 37.4; PLT: 184 K/μL | Trauma | Left renal artery branches | Microspheres 300–500 and 500–700 and microcoils (×3) | 6 Fr/24 h | Starclose | No |
| 5 | Female | 87 |
Acquired factor VIII deficiency/ LMWH 40 mg twice daily |
INR 1.8; PT 21.5; aPTT: 164.1; PLT: 483 K/μL | Spontaneous | Right deep femoral artery branches | Gelfoam | 6 Fr/same day | Starclose | Yes; successfully treated with 3 microcoils and gelfoam |
| 6 | Female | 23 | Congenital hemophilia | INR 1.37; PT 14.3; aPTT: 30.5; PLT: 141 K/μL | Iatrogenic: post renal biopsy | Right renal artery branch | Glue (1:1) and pushable microcoil (×1) | 6 Fr/same day | Angioseal | No |
| 7 | Female | 74 | Decompensated cirrhosis: Alk phos 50 U/L; Albumin 12 g/L; total proteins 21 g/L, Bilirubin 22 umol/L | INR 1.0; PT 12.1; aPTT: 29.8; PLT: 55 K/μL | Iatrogenic: post-liver biopsy | Right hepatic artery | Microparticles 500-700 μm and gelfoam | 6 Fr/same day | Starclose | No |
| 8 | Female | 72 | Decompensated cirrhosis/gastric varices: Alk phos 67 U/L; Albumin 19 g/L; total proteins 31 g/L, Bilirubin 54 umol/L | INR 4.5; PT 46; aPTT: 124.2; PLT: 348 K/μL | Spontaneous | Left hepatic artery | Microparticles 300–500 μm and pushable microcoils (×3) | 6 Fr/same day | Starclose | No |
| 9 | Female | 68 | LMWH 60 mg once daily | INR 2.0; PT 26.2; aPTT: 50.7; PLT: 210 K/μL | Trauma | Right internal iliac artery | Pushable microcoils (×9) | 6 Fr/same day | Starclose | No |
| 10 | Female | 75 | LMWH 40 mg twice daily | INR 1.2; PT 17.5; aPTT: 121.3; PLT: 176 K/μL | Spontaneous | DFA branch | Pushable microcoils (×2) | 6 Fr/same day | Starclose | No |
| 11 | Male | 64 | Warfarin | INR 4.7; PT: 74.1; aPTT: 48.3; PLT: 348 K/μL | Spontaneous | SMA branch | Pushable microcoils (×7) | 6 Fr/24 h | Angioseal | No |
| 12 | Female | 86 | LMWH 40 mg twice daily | INR 1.2; PT: 17.0; aPTT: 95.3; PLT: 205 K/μL | Spontaneous | Left inferior epigastric artery and left deep femoral artery branches | Onyx Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), Microparticles 300-500 μm and pushable microcoils (×5) | 6 Fr/same day | Starclose | No |
| 13 | Male | 59 | Thrombocytopenia | INR 1.2; PT: 12.7; aPTT: 36; PLT: 29 K/μL; | Spontaneous | Left 3rd Lumbar artery | Onyx Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) | 6 Fr/72 h | Angioseal | No |
| 14 | Male | 65 | Congenital hemophilia | INR 1.1; PT 12.0; aPTT: 29.3; PLT: 152 K/μL | Iatrogenic: post-arterial access | Right deep femoral artery pseudoaneurysm | Glue 1:1 and pushable microcoil (×1) | 6 Fr/same day | Angioseal | No |
| 15 | Male | 66 | Cirrhosis; Alk phos 67 U/L; Albumin 21 g/L; total proteins 63 g/L, Bilirubin 228 umol/L | INR 1.7; PT: 20; aPTT: 39.4; PLT: 59 K/μL | Spontaneous | Left inferior epigastric artery | Gelfoam and pushable microcoils (×2) | 6 Fr/same day | Starclose | No |
| 16 | Male | 82 | Decompensated cirrhosis/ jaundice: Alk phos 227 U/L; Albumin 17 g/L; Total protein 44 g/L; AAT 127 U/L; GGT 211 U/L; Bilirubin 217umol/L | INR 1.0; PT: 10.6; aPTT: 32.9; PLT: 185 K/μL | Spontaneous | Left gastric artery | Pushable microcoils (×4) | 6 Fr/same day | Angioseal | No |
| 17 | Female | 69 | Cirrhosis:: Alk phos 114 U/L; Albumin 31 g/L; Total protein 54 g/L; AAT 44 U/L; GGT 114 U/L; Bilirubin 24umol/L | INR 1.7; PT: 19.3; aPTT: 26.7; PLT: 166 K/μL | Spontaneous | Right hepatic artery | Microparticles 300-500 μm, detachable microcoil (×1), gelfoam | 6 Fr/same day | Angioseal | No |
Glue used: N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate (NBCA)
Microparticles used: Embozene microspheres; CELONOVA and Embosphere® Microspheres; MERIT Medical
Normal laboratory value range: PT: 10–12 s, aPTT: 30–45 s PLT: 150–400 K/μL INR: 0.80–1.5
Compication rate: 5,9% (1/17)