Table 3.

Difference-in-Differences of Comorbidity Risk-Adjusted Estimates of Mean Readmission Rate over HRRP Periods

	Phase 2 (COPD)	Phase 1 (CHF/AMI/PNA)	Non-HRRP	Comparison		Comparison
				Phase 2 vs. non-HRRP		Phase 2 vs. Phase 1
				ΔΔ (95% CI)	P	ΔΔ (95% CI)	P
Medicare
ΔA (full-implementation)	− 2.04%	− 1.89%	− 1.61%	− 0.43% (− 0.47%, − 0.39%)	0.036	− 0.15% (− 0.16%, − 0.14%)	0.515
ΔB (partial-pre)	− 1.62%	− 1.75%	− 1.12%	− 0.51% (− 0.55%, − 0.46%)	0.920	0.13% (0.12%, 0.14%)	0.482
ΔC (full-partial)	− 0.57%	− 0.46%	− 0.66%	0.10% (0.09%, 0.10%)	0.413	− 0.10% (− 0.11%, − 0.10%)	0.406
ΔD (full-pre)	− 2.19%	− 2.21%	− 1.78%	− 0.41% (− 0.45%, − 0.37%)	0.005	0.02% (0.02%, 0.02%)	0.880
Medicaid
ΔA (full-implementation)	− 1.86%	− 1.98%	− 1.90%	0.04% (0.03%, 0.04%)	0.938	0.12% (0.12%, 0.13%)	0.807
ΔB (partial-pre)	− 1.70%	− 1.60%	− 1.03%	− 0.66% (− 0.72%, − 0.60%)	0.268	− 0.09% (− 0.10%, − 0.09%)	0.558
ΔC (full-partial)	− 0.64%	− 0.52%	− 0.78%	0.14% (0.13%, 0.16%)	0.595	− 0.11% (− 0.12%, − 0.11%)	0.707
ΔD (full-pre)	− 2.33%	− 2.13%	− 1.81%	− 0.52% (− 0.57%, − 0.47%)	0.103	− 0.21% (− 0.22%, − 0.19%)	0.602
Private
ΔA (full-implementation)	− 1.89%	− 1.04%	− 0.89%	− 1.00% (− 1.09%, − 0.92%)	0.002	− 0.85% (− 0.90%, − 0.80%)	0.012
ΔB (partial-pre)	− 0.66%	− 1.03%	− 0.41%	− 0.25% (− 0.27%, − 0.23%)	0.638	0.37% (0.34%, 0.39%)	0.280
ΔC (full-partial)	− 1.05%	− 0.23%	− 0.47%	− 0.58% (− 0.63%, − 0.53%)	0.005	− 0.81% (− 0.86%, − 0.76%)	< 0.001
ΔD (full-pre)	− 1.71%	− 1.27%	− 0.88%	− 0.83% (− 0.91%, − 0.76%)	0.001	− 0.45% (− 0.47%, − 0.42%)	0.100

Refer to Figure 1 for graphical timeline of policy periods and definitions of calculations. Pre-HRRP defined as January 2010–April 2011, implementation defined as May 2011–September 2012, partial penalty defined as October 2012–September 2014, and full penalty defined as October 2014–December 2016