Table 1.
Current clinical trials of immune checkpoint blockade.
| Clinical trials | Stage | Targets | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monotherapy | |||
| NCT02017717 (CheckMate⁃143) | III | PD-1 | Nivolumab |
| NCT02617589 (CheckMate⁃498) | III | PD-1 | Nivolumab + radiation |
| NCT02667587 (CheckMate⁃548) | III | PD-1 | Nivolumab + radiation + TMZ |
| NCT02648633 | III | PD-1 | Nivolumab |
| NCT03718767 | II | PD-1 | Nivolumab |
| NCT03797326 | II | PD-1 | Pembrolizumab |
| NCT02852655 | II | PD-1 | Pembrolizumab |
| NCT02337686 | II | PD-1 | Pembrolizumab |
| NCT02968940 | II | PD-L1 | Avelumab + radiation |
| NCT03047473 | II | PD-L1 | Avelumab + TMZ |
| NCT03341806 | I | PD-L1 | Avelumab |
| Combined with other checkpoint molecules | |||
| NCT03707457 | I | PD-1+IDO1 | Nivolumab + INCB024360 |
| NCT04047706 | I | PD-1+IDO1 | Nivolumab + BMS986205 |
| NCT02658981 | I | PD-1+LAG-3 | Nivolumab + BMS986016 |
| NCT03493932 | I | PD-1+LAG-3 | Nivolumab + BMS986016 |
| NCT03233152 | I | PD-1+CTLA-4 | Nivolumab + Ipilimumab |
| NCT03422094 | I | PD-1+CTLA-4 | Nivolumab + Ipilimumab |
| NCT02311920 | I | PD-1+CTLA-4 | Nivolumab + Ipilimumab+TMZ |
| NCT02794883 | II | PD-L1+CTLA-4 | Durvalumab + Tremelimumab |
| Combined with VEGF/VEGFR | |||
| NCT03743662 | II | PD-1+VEGF | Nivolumab + BEV + radiation |
| NCT02336165 | II | PD-L1+VEGF | Durvalumab + BEV |
| NCT03291314 | I | PD-L1+VEGFR | Avelumab + Axitinib |
| NCT02052648 | I/II | IDO1+VEGF | Indoximod + BEV + TMZ |
| Combined with CAR-T | |||
| NCT03726515 | I | PD-1+CAR-T | Pembrolizumab + CAR⁃EGFR-III⁃T |
| NCT04003649 | I | PD-1+CTLA-4+CAR-T | Nivolumab + Ipilimumab + CAR-T |
| Combined with vaccines | |||
| NCT02529072 | I | PD-1 | Nivolumab + DC vaccines |
| NCT02287428 | I | PD-1 | Pembrolizumab + NeoVax vaccines |
| NCT03750071 | I/II | PD-L1 | Avelumab + VXM01 vaccines |
PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; IDO1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; LAG-3, lymphocyte-activation gene 3; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell; TMZ, temozolomide.