Table 7.
NMR studies of the spermatozoa. Lac, lactate; GPC, glycerophosphorylcholine; Chol, choline; n.a., not available.
| model | study | study population |
analysis carried out | metabolic changes observed |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| animals/subjects | samples | upregulated | downregulated | |||
| rhesus macaque | Lin et al. [134] | 6 | n.a. | season-dependent energy metabolism | formate, carnitine and acetyl carnitine | Lac |
| human | Paiva et al. [135] | 9 | 3 | endogenous metabolism | 42 metabolites identified | |
| Reynolds et al. [136] | n.a. | n.a. | progressive motility versus oxidative phosphorylation and lactate fermentation | Lac and bicarbonates | n.a. | |
| Reynolds et al. [137] | n.a. | n.a. | metabolomics of live sperm (40% and 80%) | Lac, lipid and Chol/GPC | n.a. | |
| Calvert et al. [138] | 97 | n.a. | glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation for viable sperm population | Lac | n.a. | |