TABLE 1.
Sample characteristics.
| Total | Normal weight | Obese | Overweight | ||
| Mean ± SD (range) | p-value/F-value between NW and OBE | ||||
| Characteristics | |||||
| n | 67 | 28 | 28 | 11 | |
| Sex | 33 ♀, 34 ♂ | 14 ♀, 14 ♂ | 14 ♀, 14 ♂ | 5 ♀, 6 ♂ | |
| Age (years) | 28.5 ± 4.6 (21 − 41) | 27.1 ± 4.3 (21 − 35) | 29.5 ± 5.1 (21 − 41) | 0.109/2.3a | 29.5 ± 3.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 ± 6.6 (18.9 − 45.4) | 22.3 ± 1.6 (18.9 − 24.9) | 35.1 ± 4.3 (30.1 − 45.4) | <0.001***/212.834a | 26.9 ± 1.4 |
| WHR | 0.89 ± 0.08 (0.75 − 1.05) | 0.84 ± 0.06 (0.75 − 0.98) | 0.93 ± 0.08 (0.80 − 1.05) | <0.001***/23.875b | 0.88 ± 0.06 |
| WHtR | 0.52 ± 0.09 (0.38 − 0.71) | 0.43 ± 0.04 (0.38 − 0.53) | 0.61 ± 0.05 (0.51 − 0.71) | <0.001***/222.22b | 0.51 ± 0.03 (0.45 − 0.55) |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 28.43 ± 11.60 (8.21 − 60.60) | 20.56 ± 6.02 (8.21 − 30.51) | 37.50 ± 10.65 (11.99 − 60.60) | <0.001***/53.658b | 25.39 ± 8.31 |
| FMI | 0.15 ± 0.09 (0.03 − 0.43) | 0.08 ± 0.02 (0.03 − 0.11) | 0.23 ± 0.08 (0.07 − 0.43) | <0.001***/92.03b | 0.12 ± 0.50 (0.07 − 0.18) |
| BDI sum score | 3.0 ± 3.3 (0 − 13) | 2.0 ± 2.8 (0 − 11) | 4.2 ± 3.8 (0 − 13) | 0.018*/5.905a | 2.5 ± 2.5 |
| Passive smoking hours | 1.5 ± 2.7 (0 − 15) | 1.5 ± 2.9 (0 − 15) | 1.5 ± 3.0 (0 − 15) | 0.964/0.002a | 1.5 ± 1.5 |
| Hormonal profile | |||||
| HOMA-IR | 1.14 ± 0.91 (0.10 − 5.10) | 0.69 ± 0.38 (0.10 − 1.80) | 1.73 ± 1.10 (0.60 − 5.10) | <0.001***/21.903a | 0.78 ± 0.37 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 15.41 ± 13.91 (0.10 − 61.90) | 8.13 ± 6.23 (0.10 − 27.70) | 24.04 ± 15.95 (3.40 − 61.90) | <0.001***/21.878b | 9.97 ± 8.04 |
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 60.18 ± 49.36 (7.00 − 278.30) | 36.36 ± 19.82 (7.00 − 92.60) | 91.68 ± 60.37 (30.40 − 278.30) | <0.001***/21.222a | 40.59 ± 19.74 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.32 ± 0.43 (4.58 − 6.45) | 5.15 ± 0.45 (4.58 − 6.16) | 5.54 ± 0.39 (4.62 − 6.45) | 0.001**/11.777a | 5.18 ± 0.18 |
Data are presented as mean values, standard deviations, and minimum and maximum values. aOne-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). bOne-way analysis of variance with the covariate sex (ANCOVA). BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-height ratio; FMI, fat mass index; BDI sum score, sum score of Beck’s Depression inventory; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.∗p≤0.05; ∗∗p≤0.01; ***p≤0.001.