Table 2.
Clinical presentation and initial work-up results in the emergency room
| Development cohort (n = 203) | Validation cohort (n = 135) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-COVID (n = 116) | COVID (n = 117) | P-value | Non-COVID (n = 86) | COVID (n = 49) | P-value | Total (n = 338) | |
| Sick contact | 4 (3.4%) | 25 (28.7%) | <0.001 | 2 (2.3%) | 16 (32.7%) | <0.001 | 47 (13.9%) |
| Triage vital signs | |||||||
| Fever | 12 (10.3%) | 25 (28.7%) | <0.001 | 9 (10.5%) | 11 (22.5%) | 0.059 | 109 (32.3%) |
| Tachycardia | 53 (45.7%) | 47 (54.0%) | 0.240 | 35 (40.7%) | 25 (51.0%) | 0.246 | 160 (47.3%) |
| Tachypnoea | 42 (36.2%) | 38 (43.7%) | 0.281 | 31 (36.1%) | 22 (44.9%) | 0.311 | 133 (39.4%) |
| Hypotension | 16 (13.8%) | 17 (19.5%) | 0.272 | 8 (9.3%) | 5 (10.2%) | 0.864 | 46 (13.6%) |
| Hypoxia | 33 (28.4%) | 55 (63.2%) | <0.001 | 30 (34.9%) | 29 (59.2%) | 0.006 | 147 (43.5%) |
| Presenting symptoms | |||||||
| Respiratory symptoms | 60 (51.7%) | 74 (85.1%) | <0.001 | 49 (57.0%) | 38 (77.6%) | 0.016 | 221 (65.4%) |
| Cough | 31 (26.7%) | 61 (70.1%) | <0.001 | 29 (33.7%) | 32 (65.3%) | <0.001 | 153 (45.3%) |
| Shortness of breath | 54 (46.6%) | 59 (67.8%) | 0.003 | 42 (48.8%) | 34 (69.4%) | 0.021 | 189 (55.9%) |
| Constitutional symptoms | 28 (24.1%) | 55 (63.2%) | <0.001 | 27 (31.4%) | 24 (49.0%) | 0.043 | 134 (39.6%) |
| Fever | 23 (19.8%) | 47 (54.0%) | <0.001 | 15 (17.4%) | 24 (49.0%) | <0.001 | 109 (32.3%) |
| Chills | 10 (8.6%) | 21 (24.1%) | 0.002 | 10 (11.6%) | 9 (18.4%) | 0.279 | 50 (14.8%) |
| Myalgia | 7 (6.0%) | 13 (14.9%) | 0.035 | 11 (12.8%) | 4 (8.2%) | 0.411 | 35 (10.4%) |
| Chest pain | 20 (17.2%) | 15 (17.2%) | 1.000 | 14 (16.3%) | 9 (18.4%) | 0.756 | 58 (17.2%) |
| Gastrointestinal symptom | 17 (14.7%) | 33 (37.9%) | <0.001 | 20 (23.3%) | 21 (42.9%) | 0.017 | 91 (26.9%) |
| Nausea or vomiting | 11 (9.5%) | 21 (24.1%) | 0.005 | 14 (16.3%) | 14 (28.6%) | 0.090 | 60 (17.8%) |
| Diarrhoea | 9 (7.8%) | 22 (25.3%) | <0.001 | 8 (9.3%) | 13 (26.5%) | 0.008 | 52 (15.4%) |
| Initial labs | |||||||
| Leukopenia | 5 (4.3%) | 5 (5.7%) | 0.640 | 7 (8.1%) | 11 (22.5%) | 0.019 | 28 (8.3%) |
| Leucocytosis | 32 (27.6%) | 15 (17.2%) | 0.084 | 20 (23.3%) | 5 (10.2%) | 0.060 | 72 (21.3%) |
| Thrombocytopenia | 18 (15.5%) | 19 (21.8%) | 0.248 | 10 (11.6%) | 11 (22.5%) | 0.095 | 58 (17.2%) |
| Thrombocytosis | 11 (9.5%) | 6 (6.9%) | 0.510 | 11 (12.8%) | 1 (2.0%) | 0.035 | 29 (8.6%) |
| Creatinine | 1.19 (0.88–1.95) | 1.12 (0.81–1.82) | 0.731 | 1.18 (0.82–2.52) | 1.33 (1.01–1.87) | 0.819 | 1.2 (0.86–1.95) |
| Initial chest X-ray | |||||||
| Clear lung field | 43 (40.6%) | 15 (17.9%) | <0.001 | 30 (38.0%) | 13 (28.3%) | 0.270 | 101 (32.1%) |
| Possible multifocal infiltrate | 33 (31.1%) | 43 (51.2%) | 0.005 | 31 (39.2%) | 25 (54.4%) | 0.101 | 132 (41.9%) |