Table 1. Characteristics and Comorbidities for Patients With Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Premier Healthcare Database, April to May 2020.
| Characteristics | No. (%) | P value | No. (%) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall sample (N = 64 781) | Outpatients (n = 29 479) | Inpatients (n = 35 302) | Survived (n = 57 426) | Deceased (n = 7355) | |||
| Age, y | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 56.1 (19.9) | 47.1 (18.5) | 63.6 (17.7) | <.001 | 53.7 (19.3) | 74.2 (13.4) | <.001 |
| Median (IQR) | 57 (41-71) | 46 (33-59) | 65 (52-77) | 54 (39-67) | 76 (66-84) | ||
| 0-17 | 1071 (1.7) | 888 (3.0) | 183 (0.5) | <.001 | 1067 (1.9) | 4 (0.1) | <.001 |
| 18-34 | 9483 (14.6) | 7211 (24.5) | 2272 (6.4) | 9434 (16.4) | 49 (0.7) | ||
| 35-49 | 13 340 (20.6) | 8428 (28.6) | 4912 (13.9) | 13 057 (22.7) | 283 (3.8) | ||
| 50-64 | 17 984 (27.8) | 7929 (26.9) | 10 055 (28.5) | 16 669 (29.0) | 1315 (17.9) | ||
| 65-79 | 14 170 (21.9) | 3343 (11.3) | 10 827 (30.7) | 11 285 (19.7) | 2885 (39.2) | ||
| ≥80 | 8733 (13.5) | 1680 (5.7) | 7053 (20.0) | 5914 (10.3) | 2819 (38.3) | ||
| Sex | |||||||
| Men | 31 968 (49.3) | 13 107 (44.5) | 18 861 (53.4) | <.001 | 27 701 (48.2) | 4267 (58.0) | <.001 |
| Women | 32 475 (50.1) | 16 150 (54.8) | 16 325 (46.2) | 29 394 (51.2) | 3081 (41.9) | ||
| Unknown | 338 (0.5) | 222 (0.8) | 116 (0.3) | 331 (0.6) | 7 (0.1) | ||
| Race | |||||||
| White | 25 841 (39.9) | 12 116 (41.1) | 13 725 (38.9) | <.001 | 22 659 (39.5) | 3182 (43.3) | <.001 |
| Black | 14 340 (22.1) | 6073 (20.6) | 8267 (23.4) | 12 764 (22.2) | 1576 (21.4) | ||
| Other | 24 600 (38.0) | 11 290 (38.3) | 13 310 (37.7) | 22 003 (38.3) | 2597 (35.3) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Hispanic | 13 776 (21.3) | 7445 (25.3) | 6331 (17.9) | <.001 | 12 832 (22.3) | 944 (12.8) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic | 35 731 (55.2) | 14 947 (50.7) | 20 784 (58.9) | 31 228 (54.4) | 4503 (61.2) | ||
| Other or unknown | 15 274 (23.6) | 7087 (24.0) | 8187 (23.2) | 13 366 (23.3) | 1908 (25.9) | ||
| Payer type | |||||||
| Medicare | 22 945 (35.4) | 5352 (18.2) | 17 593 (49.8) | <.001 | 17 595 (30.6) | 5350 (72.7) | <.001 |
| Medicaid | 11 928 (18.4) | 5557 (18.9) | 6371 (18.0) | 11 134 (19.4) | 794 (10.8) | ||
| Commercial insurance | 21 698 (33.5) | 12 676 (43.0) | 9022 (25.6) | 20 737 (36.1) | 961 (13.1) | ||
| Self-pay | 4528 (7.0) | 3630 (12.3) | 898 (2.5) | 4431 (7.7) | 97 (1.3) | ||
| Other or unknown | 3682 (5.7) | 2264 (7.7) | 1418 (4.0) | 3529 (6.1) | 153 (2.1) | ||
| Type of admission | |||||||
| Emergency | 47 529 (73.4) | 16 406 (55.7) | 31 123 (88.2) | <.001 | 40 883 (71.2) | 6646 (90.4) | <.001 |
| Urgent | 4877 (7.5) | 1940 (6.6) | 2937 (8.3) | 4370 (7.6) | 507 (6.9) | ||
| Elective | 7057 (10.9) | 5947 (20.2) | 1110 (3.1) | 6937 (12.1) | 120 (1.6) | ||
| Other or unknown | 5318 (8.2) | 5186 (17.6) | 132 (0.4) | 5236 (9.1) | 82 (1.1) | ||
| Admission point of origin | |||||||
| Non–health care facility | 51 163 (79.0) | 22 666 (76.9) | 28 497 (80.7) | <.001 | 45 802 (79.8) | 5361 (72.9) | <.001 |
| Clinic | 6075 (9.4) | 4399 (14.9) | 1676 (4.7) | 5806 (10.1) | 269 (3.7) | ||
| Transferred from acute care facility | 3185 (4.9) | 187 (0.6) | 2998 (8.5) | 2309 (4.0) | 876 (11.9) | ||
| Transferred from long-term care facility | 2396 (3.7) | 414 (1.4) | 1982 (5.6) | 1587 (2.8) | 809 (11.0) | ||
| Other or unknown | 1962 (3.0) | 1813 (6.2) | 149 (0.4) | 1922 (3.3) | 40 (0.5) | ||
| Discharge status | |||||||
| Home or home health | 46 913 (72.4) | 27 593 (93.6) | 19 320 (54.7) | <.001 | 46 913 (81.7) | 0 | NA |
| Long-term care or rehabilitation facility | 6949 (10.7) | 417 (1.4) | 6532 (18.5) | 6949 (12.1) | 0 | ||
| Transferred to another acute care facility | 417 (0.6) | 73 (0.2) | 344 (1.0) | 417 (0.7) | 0 | ||
| Died | 7355 (11.4) | 191 (0.6) | 7164 (20.3) | 0 | 7355 (100) | ||
| Other or unknown | 3147 (4.9) | 1205 (4.1) | 1942 (5.5) | 3147 (5.5) | 0 | ||
| Hospital region | |||||||
| Midwest | 11 577 (17.9) | 6446 (21.9) | 5131 (14.5) | <.001 | 10 672 (18.6) | 905 (12.3) | <.001 |
| Northeast | 34 612 (53.4) | 12 279 (41.7) | 22 333 (63.3) | 29 450 (51.3) | 5162 (70.2) | ||
| South | 15 989 (24.7) | 9430 (32.0) | 6559 (18.6) | 14 912 (26.0) | 1077 (14.6) | ||
| West | 2603 (4.0) | 1324 (4.5) | 1279 (3.6) | 2392 (4.2) | 211 (2.9) | ||
| Hospital beds, No. | |||||||
| 1-199 | 9934 (15.3) | 5526 (18.7) | 4408 (12.5) | <.001 | 9246 (16.1) | 688 (9.4) | <.001 |
| 200-499 | 33 887 (52.3) | 16 396 (55.6) | 17 491 (49.5) | 29 842 (52.0) | 4045 (55.0) | ||
| ≥500 | 20 960 (32.4) | 7557 (25.6) | 13 403 (38.0) | 18 338 (31.9) | 2622 (35.6) | ||
| Hospital teaching status | |||||||
| Teaching | 38 145 (58.9) | 13 847 (47.0) | 24 298 (68.8) | <.001 | 33 023 (57.5) | 5122 (69.6) | <.001 |
| Nonteaching | 26 636 (41.1) | 15 632 (53.0) | 11 004 (31.2) | 24 403 (42.5) | 2233 (30.4) | ||
| Population served | |||||||
| Urban | 58 398 (90.1) | 25 373 (86.1) | 33 025 (93.5) | <.001 | 51 477 (89.6) | 6921 (94.1) | <.001 |
| Rural | 6383 (9.9) | 4106 (13.9) | 2277 (6.5) | 5949 (10.4) | 434 (5.9) | ||
| Charlson comorbiditiesa | |||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 3717 (5.7) | 404 (1.4) | 3313 (9.4) | <.001 | 2392 (4.2) | 1325 (18.0) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 6045 (9.3) | 744 (2.5) | 5301 (15.0) | <.001 | 4173 (7.3) | 1872 (25.5) | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1661 (2.6) | 222 (0.8) | 1439 (4.1) | <.001 | 1180 (2.1) | 481 (6.5) | <.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2892 (4.5) | 327 (1.1) | 2565 (7.3) | <.001 | 2019 (3.5) | 873 (11.9) | <.001 |
| Dementia | 6201 (9.6) | 718 (2.4) | 5483 (15.5) | <.001 | 4119 (7.2) | 2082 (28.3) | <.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 10 434 (16.1) | 2907 (9.9) | 7527 (21.3) | <.001 | 8615 (15.0) | 1819 (24.7) | <.001 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 821 (1.3) | 127 (0.4) | 694 (2.0) | <.001 | 649 (1.1) | 172 (2.3) | <.001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 385 (0.6) | 59 (0.2) | 326 (0.9) | <.001 | 299 (0.5) | 86 (1.2) | <.001 |
| Mild liver disease | 348 (0.5) | 50 (0.2) | 298 (0.8) | <.001 | 269 (0.5) | 79 (1.1) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | |||||||
| Without complications | 10 855 (16.8) | 2974 (10.1) | 7881 (22.3) | <.001 | 9274 (16.1) | 1581 (21.5) | <.001 |
| With chronic complications | 7236 (11.2) | 822 (2.8) | 6414 (18.2) | <.001 | 5201 (9.1) | 2035 (27.7) | <.001 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 524 (0.8) | 49 (0.2) | 475 (1.3) | <.001 | 377 (0.7) | 147 (2.0) | <.001 |
| Kidney disease | 9069 (14.0) | 968 (3.3) | 8101 (22.9) | <.001 | 6291 (11.0) | 2778 (37.8) | <.001 |
| Any malignancy, including leukemia or lymphoma | 1788 (2.8) | 315 (1.1) | 1473 (4.2) | <.001 | 1311 (2.3) | 477 (6.5) | <.001 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 348 (0.5) | 30 (0.1) | 318 (0.9) | <.001 | 205 (0.4) | 143 (1.9) | <.001 |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 506 (0.8) | 82 (0.3) | 424 (1.2) | <.001 | 365 (0.6) | 141 (1.9) | <.001 |
| AIDS/HIV | 252 (0.4) | 61 (0.2) | 191 (0.5) | <.001 | 215 (0.4) | 37 (0.5) | 0.09 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, mean (SD)a | 1.3 (2.0) | 0.5 (1.1) | 2.1 (2.3) | <.001 | 1.1 (1.8) | 3.1 (2.5) | <.001 |
| Charlson comorbidities, No.a | |||||||
| 0 | 32 578 (50.3) | 22 036 (74.8) | 10 542 (29.9) | <.001 | 31 650 (55.1) | 928 (12.6) | <.001 |
| 1-4 | 26 351 (40.7) | 6875 (23.3) | 19 476 (55.2) | 21 876 (38.1) | 4475 (60.8) | ||
| ≥5 | 5852 (9.0) | 568 (1.9) | 5284 (15.0) | 3900 (6.8) | 1952 (26.5) | ||
| Hypertension | 30 236 (46.7) | 6803 (23.1) | 23 433 (66.4) | <.001 | 24 376 (42.4) | 5860 (79.7) | <.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 18 744 (28.9) | 3553 (12.1) | 15 191 (43.0) | <.001 | 14 844 (25.8) | 3900 (53.0) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable.
a
Comorbidities were assessed during both index visit and 6 months prior to index.