Table 1.

Antineoplastic activity of cyclitols in lung/bronchus cancer models.

Study	Cyclitol	Human/Animal Species	Results
Enstensen et al. (1993) [22]	MI	A/J mouse	3% MI diet, a 40% reduction of the number of lung adenomas multiplicity 3% MI diet + 0.5 µg/g dexamethasone, an additive effect on the inhibition of pulmonary adenomas formation
Hecht et al. (2001) [23]	MI	A/J mouse	reduction of tumor multiplicity (reduction of 28.9% and 33.0% in doses 1% and 0.5% (experiment 1), reduction of 48.4% in dose 1% (experiment 2) significant MI dose trend for inhibition of tumor multiplicity (p < 0.0001)
Hecht et al. (2002) [24]	MI	A/J mouse	the MI diet reduced lung tumor multiplicity MI + PEITC-NAC combination was more effective than the use of MI alone (p = 0.0015) or PEITC-NAC (p < 0.0001); MI was more effective than PETC-NAC (STAT3 < 0.0001) Increasing duration of treatment was significantly correlated with decreasing tumor multiplicity (for MI + PEITC-NAC– p = 0.0045; for MI– p = 0.015)
Lam et al. [12] (2006)	MI	Human	a significant increase in the rate of regression of pre-existing dysplastic lesions (91% vs. 48%, p = 0.014)
Han et al. [27] (2009)	MI	Human	MI significantly decreased the Akt and ERK phosphorylation in dysplastic lesions (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) in vitro, MI decreased the endogenous and tobacco carcinogen-induced activation of Akt and ERK in immortalized, human bronchial epithelial cells
Lam et al. [28] (2016)	MI	Human	a significant reduction of IL-6 in BAL (p = 0.03) a decrease in a gene expression of PI3K activation within the cytologically normal bronchial airway epithelium (p = 0.002) no statistically significant difference between MI and placebo arms in response or progression of bronchial lesions
Unver et al. (2018) [25]	MI	Mouse model (CcspCre/+; Kras LSL-G12D/+)	reduction in the number of lung tumors (46 ± 2.7 in the control group vs. 22.0 ± 2.0 in the MI group) p < 0.05 statistically significantly reduced levels of IL-6 and LIF reduced number of macrophages in the tumor (p = 0.004)